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Neurology - Anatomy and Physiology > Nervous system cast of characters > Flashcards

Nervous system cast of characters Flashcards

1
Q

What three parts are there to neurons and what parts can be seen on Nissle staining?

A

Dendrites (receive input), cell bodies, axons (send output).
Dendrites and cell bodies can be seen on Nissle. Axons have no RER.

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2
Q

What is Wallerian degeneration of neurons?

A
  1. Degeneration distal to axon injury
  2. Axonal retraction proximally, macs come clean up debris
  3. Intact nerve fiber sprouts towards remnants of neurolemma, allows for slow regeneration (PNS>CNS).
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3
Q

What are the most abundant cell type in the brain?

A

Astrocytes.

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4
Q

What are some of the functions of astrocytes?

A

Physical support, blood brain barrier.
Repair, reactive gliosis in response to injury.
K+ metabolism, removal of excess NTs, glycogen fuel reserve buffer.

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5
Q

What is the marker of astrocytes? What are they derived from?

A

GFAP. Neuroectoderm.

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6
Q

Which cells are the phagocytic scavengers of the CNS? What is their lineage?

A

Microglia. Mesodermal, of mononuclear origin.

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7
Q

What are microglia activated by? What happens with HIV infection?

A

Activated by tissue damage. When infected by HIV, fuse to form giant multinucleated cells.

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8
Q

Can microglia be seen on Nissle stain?

A

Not really.

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9
Q

What is the purpose of the myelin sheath?

A

To increase conduction velocity of signals transmitted down axons, via saltatory conduction of action potentials at the nodes of ranvier.

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10
Q

What characterizes nodes of ranvier?

A

High concentration of sodium channels.

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11
Q

What cells make up myelin sheath in CNS and PNS?

A

CNS: oligodendrocytes
PNS: Schwann cells.

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12
Q

What are schwann cells derived from? How are they different from oligos?

A

Derived from neural crest, each schwann myelinates only 1 PNS axon. Promote axonal regeneration.

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13
Q

What is bilateral acoustic schwannomas assciated with?

A

Internal acoustic meatus schwannomas, bilateral associated with neurofibromatosis type 2.

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14
Q

What do oligodendrocytes look like histoligically? What are they derived from?

A

fried egg appearance. Derived from neuroectoderm. Each oligo can myelinate up to 30 axons.

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15
Q

What type of sensory receptor is responsible for pain and temperature?

A

Free nerve endings.

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16
Q

What kinds of free nerve ending sensory receptors are there?

A

C - slow, unmyelinated fibers.

Adelta - fast, myelinated fibers.

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17
Q

What is the location of free nerve ending sensory receptors?

A

All skin, epidermis, some viscera

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18
Q

What kind of receptors are meissner corpuscles?

A

Large, myelinated fibers that adapt quickly.

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19
Q

What is the location of meissner corpuscles?

A

Glabrous (hairless) skin.

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20
Q

What senses are meissner corpuscles responsible for?

A

Dynamic, fine/light touch, position sense.

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21
Q

What kind of receptors are pacinian corpuscles?

A

Large myelinated fibers that adapt quickly.

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22
Q

Where are pacinian corpuscles located?

A

Deep skin layers, ligaments, joints.

23
Q

What senses are pacinian corpuscles responsible for?

A

Vibration, pressure.

24
Q

What kind of receptors are merkel discs?

A

Large myelinated fibers that adapt quickly.

25
Q

Where are merkel discs located?

A

finger tips, superficial skin.

26
Q

What senses are merkel discs responsible for?

A

pressure, deep static touch (eg shapes, edges), position sense.

27
Q

What kind of receptors are ruffini corpuscles?

A

Dendritic endings with capsule. Adapt slowly.

28
Q

Where are ruffini corpuscles located?

A

Finger tips, joints.

29
Q

what senses are ruffini corpuscles responsible for?

A

Pressure, slippage of objects along surface of skin, joint angle change.

30
Q

What does endoneurium contain?

A

Single nerve fiber layers.

31
Q

What does perineurium contain?

A

Surrounds a fascicle of nerve fibers.

32
Q

What does Epineurium contain?

A

Dense connective tissue that surrounds entire nerve (fascicles and blood vessels).

33
Q

In which nerve cover layer does inflammatory infiltrate in GB syndrome collect?

A

Endoneurium

34
Q

What neurotransmitter is made in the locus ceruleus?

A

Norepinephrine

35
Q

Where is the locus ceruleus?

A

In the pons

36
Q

What change is there in norepi in anxiety, and in depression?

A

Incr in anxiety, decr in depression

37
Q

What neurotransmitter is made in the ventral tegmentum and substantia nigra pars compacta?

A

Dopamine

38
Q

Where is the ventral tegmentum and substantia nigra pars compacta?

A

Midbrain

39
Q

What changes are there in dopamine in 1. Huntingtons 2. Parkinsons 3. Depression?

A
  1. Huntingtons - Incr
  2. Parkinson’s - Decr
  3. Depression - decr
40
Q

What neurotransmitted is made in the raphe nuclei?

A

5-HT aka serotonin

41
Q

Where are the raphe nuclei located?

A

pons, medulla, and midbrain

42
Q

What changes are there in 5-HT with 1. anxiety 2. depression

A

Decr, decr

43
Q

What neurotransmitter is made in the basal nucleus of meynert?

A

ACh

44
Q

What changes are there in Ach in 1. Parkinson’s, 2. Alzheimers 3. Huntingons

A
  1. Parkinsons - Incr
  2. Alz- Decr
  3. Huntington’s - Decr
45
Q

What neurotransmitter is made in the nucleus accumbens?

A

GABA

46
Q

What changes are there to GABA in 1. anxiety and 2. Huntington’s?

A
  1. Decr in anxiety

2. Decr in huntington’s

47
Q

What three structures form the blood brain barrier?

A
  1. Tight junctions between non-fenestrated capillary endothelial cells
  2. basement membrane
  3. Astrocyte foot processes
48
Q

How do glucose and amino acids cross the blood brain barrier?

A

slowly, by carrier-mediated transport processes

49
Q

How do non-polar/lipid soluble substances cross the blood brain barrier?

A

Rapidly via diffusion

50
Q

What characterizes the area postrema re:blood/brain barrier?

A

Specialized brain region with fenestrated capillaries and no blood-brain barrier; this area is responsible for vomiting, thus explains vomiting after chemo.

51
Q

What is the OVLT, what characterizes it re:blood/brain barrier?

A

Organum vasculosum of lamina terminalis. Responsible for osmotic sensing, so also does not have intact blood-brain barrier.

52
Q

Why does the neurohypophysis not have a blood brain barrier?

A

To allow neurosecretory products such as ADH to enter circulation.

53
Q

How can the blood brain barrier be disrupted?

A

Infarction/neoplasm can destroy endothelial tight junctions –> vasogenic edema.

Neurology - Anatomy and Physiology (19 decks)

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