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CPPS 221 > nervous system and brain > Flashcards

nervous system and brain Flashcards

1
Q

the CNS consists of _____ and ______

A

brain and spinal cord

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2
Q

only 10% of CNS cells are neurons the rest are ______

A

neuroganglia

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3
Q

the CNS is supported by the ________

A

cerebral spinal fluid CSF

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4
Q

specific areas of neuronal bodies are called _____

A

nuclei

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5
Q

axons from multiple nuclei running parallel are called ______ (aka nerve tracts or white matter)

A

fibers

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6
Q

the neuron is the basic functional unit of the nervous system- responsible for ___________

A

sending and receiving nerve impulses or signals

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7
Q

________ are non neural cells that provide support and nutrition, maintain homeostasis, form myelin and facilitate signal transmission in the nervous system

A

glial cells

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8
Q

Brain is ___% of body weight and __% of the body oxygen and glucose consumption

A

2
20

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9
Q

forebrain

A

prosencephalon

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10
Q

midbrain

A

mesencephalon

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11
Q

hindbrain

A

rhombencephalon

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12
Q

the forebrain is subdivided into the telencephalon and diencephalon

A

telencephalon- cerebral hemishperes
diencephalon - thalamus and hypothalamus

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13
Q

Brain protection

Cranium

A

skull

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14
Q

Brain protection

meninges

A

shock absorbent
-prevents brain from contacting the skull

dura matter
arachnoid
pia matter

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15
Q

Brain protection

cerebrospinous fluid (CSF)

A

cushions the brain and spinal cord

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16
Q

Brain protection

blood brain barrier

A

tight junctions- prevent diffusion of materials between cells

only lip soluble compounds diffuse into the interstitial fluid

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17
Q

Meningeal Layers- Cranial meninges

  1. Dura matter
A

has 2 fibrous layers
1. periostea (fibrous outermost) - fused with periosteum lining of cranial bones

  1. Meningeal (innermost)
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18
Q

Meningeal Layers- Cranial meninges

  1. Arachnoid
A

delicate membrane located between meningeal dura and Pia matter, bridging both sulky and gyri

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19
Q

Meningeal Layers- Cranial meninges

  1. Pia matter
A

tightly attached to the surface contour of the brain and lines the sulci

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20
Q

epidural space located between

A

the skull and outermost dura
- middle meningeal artier runs in this space

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21
Q

subdural space located

A

between the inner dura layer and arachnoid
-bridging veins transverse it

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22
Q

subarachnoid space located between

A

the arachnoid and Pia matter
-CSF fills this space

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23
Q

longitudinal fissure

A
  • separates the 2 hemispheres
  • each hemisphere is divided into lobes named after the overlying bones of the skull
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24
Q

central sulcus

A
  • deep groove extends laterally from longitudinal fissure
    -frontal love anterior to central sulcus
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25
Q

lateral sulcus

A

-marks the inferior border of frontal lobe
region inferior to lateral sulcus is the temporal lobe

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26
Q

Pareto-occipital sulcus

A

-inferior border of parietal lobe
-parietal lobe: extends posteriorly from the central sulcus to the p-o sulcus
-region posterior to this is the occipital lobe

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27
Q

frontal lobe

A

primary motor cortex- conscious control of skeletal muscles

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28
Q

parietal lobe

A

primary somatosensory cortex- conscious perception of touch, pressure, vibration, pain, temperature and taste

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29
Q

temporal lobe

A

auditory and olfactory cortex- conscious perception of auditory and olfactory stimuli (hearing and smell)

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30
Q

occipital lobe

A

visual cortex- conscious perception of visual stimuli

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31
Q

lobes of the brain
Fibres: carry __________ within and between hemispheres

A

information

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32
Q

association fibers

A

connect areas of cerebral cortex within one hemisphere

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33
Q

commissural fibres

A

connect one cerebral hemispheres to another

34
Q

projection fibers

A

connect the cerebrum to other parts of the CNS and spinal cord

35
Q

central sulcus separates ______ and _____ portions of the cortex

A

motor and sensory

36
Q

primary motor cortex: represented by pre central gyrus of the frontal lobe which forms the ____________

A

anterior margin of central sulcus

37
Q

primary somatosensory cortex: represented by the post central gyrus of the parietal lobe which forms the __________

A

posterior margin of central sulcus

38
Q

Ventricular system of Brain

Two lateral Ventricles (one in each cerebral hemisphere)

A

-separated by septum pellucidum
-no direct connection

39
Q

Ventricular system of Brain

Third ventricle (in diencephalon)

A

-communicates with lateral ventricles by interventricualr foramen

40
Q

Ventricular system of Brain

fourth ventricle (in medulla oblongata)

A

narrows and is continuous with central canal of SC

41
Q

limbic system contents

A

cerebral components
-cortical areas
-nuclei
-tracts

diencephalic components
-thalamus
-hypthalamus

other
-reticular formation

42
Q

central white matter
-covered by the grey settee of the cerebral cortex
-contains ________ forming bundles connecting cortical areas to another

A

myelinated fibres

43
Q

association fibers: interconnect areas of cortex within _________

A

a single hemisphere

44
Q

commissural fibers: connect the 2 hemispheres, this involves the ________ and _________

A

corpus callosum and anterior commissure

45
Q

projection fibers: connect cerebrum with other regions of ____ and ______

A

brain and spinal cord

46
Q

Basal nuclei

paired masses of grey matter within each cerebral hemisphere- _______________

A

deep to the floor of lateral ventricle

47
Q

Basal nuclei is embedded with _________

A

central white matter

48
Q

basal nuclei

______ and _______fibres travel around or between these nuclei

A

projection and commissural

49
Q

basal nuclei

_________ consists of lateral putamen and medial globes pallidus

A

lentiform nucleus

50
Q

The basal nuclei/ganglia

caudate nucleus stimulates muscles in limbs to produce ___________

A

normal pattern and rhythm in walking

51
Q

The basal nuclei/ganglia

putamen
controls movement patterns at a ______- level

A

subconscious

52
Q

The basal nuclei/ganglia

globus pallidus interacts with the ______ to regulate muscle tone

53
Q

The basal nuclei/ganglia

what three structures are collectively referred to as the basal ganglia

A

caudate nucleus
putamen
globus pallidus

54
Q

what is a gyrus

A

an elevated ridge or hill

55
Q

Diencephalon

connects brainstem to the ________

A

cerebral hemispheres

56
Q

Diencephalon

Thalamus: largest part; receives input from most __________

A

sensory neurons in the body

57
Q

Diencephalon

subthalamus

A

motor functions

58
Q

Diencephalon

epithalamus: emotional and visceral responses to odours; biological clock
contains the ______________

A

pineal gland (secrets melatonin)

59
Q

Diencephalon

hypothalamus: major endocrine tissue; homesostatically regulates many important psychological processes
-infidibulum connects _________ to pituitary gland

A

hypothalamus

60
Q

Anatomy of the Brainstem

medulla oblongata: relays station between ______- and ________

A

spinal cord and brain

61
Q

Anatomy of the Brainstem

pons: relay station from medulla to higher _________

A

cortical structures of the brain

62
Q

Anatomy of the Brainstem

Pons: sensory and motor nuclei of _______

A

4 cranial nerves

63
Q

Anatomy of the Brainstem

Pons: nuclei regulating involuntary control of ____

A

respiration

64
Q

Anatomy of the Brainstem

midbrain: process ____ and ____ stimuli

A

visual and auditory

65
Q

Anatomy of the Brainstem

midbrain: connect primary motor cortex with motor neurons in brain and SC and carry ascending sensory info to ________

66
Q

Cerebellum

anterior and posterior lobe assist in ___, ___ and _____ of limb and trunk movements

A

planning, execution and coordination

67
Q

Cerebellum

stores memories of _______

A

learned movement patterns

68
Q

Cerebellum

functions also to adjust postural muscles of the body, coordinates rapid autonomic adjustments that maintain ______ and ______

A

balance and equilibrium

69
Q

Cranial nerves

there are ___ pairs of cranial nerves found on the ventrolateral surface of the brain

70
Q

cranial nerves

olfactory (I)

A

olfactory epithelium (smell)

71
Q

cranial nerves

optic (II)

A

retina of the eye

72
Q

cranial nerves

Oculomotor (III)

A

inferior, medial and superior rectus, inferior oblique, levator palapbrea (intrinsic muscle of the eye)

73
Q

cranial nerves

trochlear (IV)

A

superior oblique mm (eye)

74
Q

cranial nerves

trigeminal (V)

A

many branches

motor and sensory to jaw, sensory to orbits, nasal cavity, eyebrows, forehead, lower eyelid, upper lip and motor to muscles of mastication

75
Q

Cranial nerves

abducens (VI)

A

lateral rectus of eye

76
Q

cranial nerves

facial (VII)

A

sensory for taste receptors anterior 2/3, motor to muslce of facial expression and glands

77
Q

cranial nerves

vestibulocochlear/acoustic (VIII)

A

cochlea (receptor for hearing) and vestibule (receptors for motion and balance)

78
Q

cranial nerves

Glossopharyngeal (IX)

A

posterior 1/3 of tongue, carotid body, motor to pharyngeal muscles, parotid gland

79
Q

cranial nerves

vagus (X)

A

sensory, pharynx, diaphragm visceral organs, motor palatal and pharyngeal muscle, parotid gland

80
Q

cranial nerves

accessory (XI)

A

skeletal muscles of palate, pharynx and larynx, SCM and trapezius

81
Q

cranial nerves

hypoglosseal (XII

A

tongue musculature

CPPS 221 (16 decks)

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