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CPPS 221 > digestive system > Flashcards

digestive system Flashcards

1
Q

overall purpose of the digestive system

A

The organs of the digestive system mechanically and chemically process food

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2
Q

overall purpose of the digestive system

why?

A

Large molecules of food must be broken down into small molecules that can be absorbed by the epithelium lining the digestive tract for transfer to the circulating blood

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3
Q

peritoneum

A

The peritoneum is a serous membrane with two parts

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4
Q

peritoneum

partial peritoneum that covers the

A

abdominal wall

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5
Q

peritoneum

visceral peritoneum which covers

A

the abdominal viscera

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6
Q

there is a potential space between the two peritoneum layers called

A

peritoneal cavity

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7
Q

the organs within the abdominal cavity are often described in relation to the peritoneal membranes

A

intraperitoneal organs
retroperitoneal organs
mesentery

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8
Q

intraperiotneal organs

A

are completely wrapped in peritoneum

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9
Q

retroperitoneal organs

A

are located posteriorly to the peritoneum, and only their anterior surfaces are covered with peritoneum. they do not have a mesentery

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10
Q

mesentery

A

-double layer of peritonuem
-suspended organs from wall

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11
Q

peritoneal folds suspend most of the digestive organs to eahcother and to the abdominal cavity there are

A

5

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11
Q

secondary retroperitoneal organs

A

are digestive tract organs that are intraperitoneal organs in the early embryonic state but during the embryonic development become retroperitoneal.

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12
Q

greater omentum: attaches to the greater ________- to the ______

A

greater curvature of stomach to the transverse colon

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13
Q

lesser omentum: attaches stomach and ______ to liver

A

duodenum

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14
Q

falciform ligaments: attaches _____- to abdominal wall

A

liver

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15
Q

mesentery proper: binds the jejunum and ____ of the small intestine to the posterior abdominal wall

A

ileum

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16
Q

mesocolon: bind the transverse colon, sigmoid colon of the ________- and appendix to the posterior abdominal wall

A

large intestine

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17
Q

oral cavity

the frenulum is

A

is a small fold of tissue found in different parts of the body

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18
Q

oral cavity

the uvula is part of the soft palate; it helps ….

A

it helps prevent food and liquid from going up the nose when swallowing

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19
Q

oral cavity

the tongue is secreted to the floor of the oral cavity with a _______-

A

lingual frenulum

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20
Q

oral cavity

tongue tie is a problem with the tongue that is present from birth. it occurs when the

A

the frenulum on the bottom of the tongue is too short and tight.

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21
Q

the teeth are composed of four dental tissues, three of them ______ , ________- and ______ are hard tissues

A

enamel, dentin and cementum

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22
Q

the fourth tissue of dental tissues is the pulp, it is the centre of the tooth that contains

A

nerves, blood vessels and connective tissue is a non-calcified, tissue.

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23
Q

humans have four types of teeth

A

incisors, canines, premolars, and molars, which each have a specific function.

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24
Q

nasopharynx functions

A

only in respiration

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25
Q

oropharynx functions

A

in digestion and respiration

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26
Q

laryngopharynx functions

A

in digestion and respiration

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27
Q

swallowing is a process that is initiated voluntarily but continues _________

A

involuntarily

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28
Q

there are three phases of swallowing

A

-buccal
-pharyngeal
-esophageal

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29
Q

the pharyngeal muscles cooperate with muscle of the ____ and _____ to initiate and continue the swallowing process

A

oral cavity and esophagus

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30
Q

what are the 4 major histological layers of the digestive system

A

-muscosa
-submucosa
-muscular layer
-serous layer or serosa

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31
Q

peristalsis

A

rhythmic waves of muscle contraction

waves of muscular contractions that move the bolus along the esophagus

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32
Q

Movement of the bolus along the esophagus is called

A

peristalsis

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33
Q

the peristaltic wave is determined by

A

longitudinal and circular muscles

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34
Q

esophagus

A

hollow muscular, transports foods and liquids to the stomach

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35
Q

esophagus enters the peritoneal cavity through an opening in the diaphragm ______

A

esophageal hiatus

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36
Q

the esophagus begins at the level of the ________- and ends anterior to T7

A

circuit cartilage anterior to C6

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37
Q

the functions of the stomach are to (3)

A
  1. Store food for a bit
  2. Breaks down food by crushing it (mechanically digest)
  3. Breaks down food more using acids and enzymes (chemically digest)
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38
Q

the stomach is an _____ organ located between the oesophagus and the duodenum

A

intraperiotoneal

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39
Q

stomach has four main anatomical divisions

A

fundus
cardia
body
pyloric part

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40
Q

__ are gastric folds that appear in the empty stomach, increasing its surface are for area for better function

A

rugae

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41
Q

the small intestine has three anatomical subividions

A

duodenum, jejunum and ileum

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42
Q

duodenum

A

the shortest segment of the small intestine. it is approx 25cm long
-C shaped, surrounding the pancreas

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43
Q

duodenum

2.5cm is ____- while the rest is secondarily retroperitoneal

A

intraperiotoneal

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44
Q

jejunum (2.5m long) at this junction the small intestine re-enters the _____ becoming intraperiotneal and supported by a sheet of mesentery

A

peritoneal cavity

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45
Q

ileum
the third segment of the small intestine. it is _____ and is the longest segment

A

intraperiotoneal

46
Q

ileum

3.5 m in length. the ileum ends in the ________. the sphincter controls the flow of material from the ileum into the cecum of the large intestine

A

iliocecal valve

47
Q

large intestine

the horse-shoe shaped large intestine begins at the junction with the ___ and ends at the anus

A

ileum

48
Q

the large intestine forms

A

almost a complete frame around the small intestine

49
Q

the large intestine is often called

A

the large bowel or colon

50
Q

cecum

A

the cecum is the first part of the large intestine and is located in the right lower abdomen, near the appendix

51
Q

the cecum is also located intraperitoneally but

A

lacks a mesentery

52
Q

large intestine

the colon has pouches called _____ which allow for expansion

A

haustra

52
Q

large intestine

longitudinal muscle bands known as _____ create the haustra by maintaining muscle tone

A

teniae coli

53
Q

large intestine

the _____ help the the large intestine (colon) by expanding and contracting to mix and move fecal material. This process aids in absorbing water.

A

haustra coli

54
Q

appendix

the appendix is attached to the posteromedial surface of the ___

A

cecum

55
Q

appendix

the primary function of the appendix is an an organ of the __________

A

lymphatic system

56
Q

rectum

the rectum is the final part of the digestive tract leading to

A

the anal canal

57
Q

the anus is controlled by two muscles

A

the internal anal sphincter (involuntary) and the external anal sphincter (voluntary).

58
Q

inside the anal canal are veins that can damage due to pressure causing hemorrhoids

A

Strain during bowel movements
Chronic constipation
Diarrhea
Pregnancy
Long therm sitting

59
Q

the small intestine is responsible for ____ % of digestion, plus a major site of absorption

A

90%

60
Q

duodenum extends from pylorus to ________

A

duodenoiejunal junction

61
Q

duodenum

_____ regulates movement of chyme from stomach into duodenum

A

pyloric sphincter

62
Q

bulk of chemical digestion and nutrient absorption happens in the

A

jejunum

63
Q

ileum

mesenteric fat is

A

abundant

64
Q

the largest intestine is the last portion of the digestive system
-thinner than

A

small intestine, no vili

65
Q

large intestine functions:

secretion of a ______- and movement of remaining non-digested food

A

protective mucous

66
Q

cecum

connected to the ileum via ________

A

iliocecal valve

67
Q

the cecum collects and stores materials from the _____ and begins the process of compaction

A

ileum

68
Q

a small mesentery called the ________– connects the appendix to the ilieum and cecum

A

meso-appendix

69
Q

both the cecum and the appendix are

A

intraperitoneal

70
Q

colon

haustra

A

series of pouches - permit considerable distention and elongation

71
Q

colon

teniae coli

A

run along the outer surface of the colon- bands of smooth muscle- muscle tone here creates the haustra

72
Q

colon

omental appendices

A

teardrop shaped sacs of fat

73
Q

the ascending colon begins at the superior bodied of the

A

cecum

74
Q

the ascending colon turns to the left at the __________ this bend marks the beginning of the transverse

A

hepatic flexure

75
Q

______ curves anteriorly form the right colic flexure

A

transverse colon

75
Q

the ascending colon is _______-

A

secondarily retroperitoneal

76
Q

the initial segment of the transverse colon is ______-

A

intraperitoneal

77
Q

the transverse colon is supported by the _______

A

transverse mesocolon

78
Q

as the transverse colon passes inferior to the greater curvature of the stomach it becomes _______

A

secondarily retroperitoneal

79
Q

descending colon is ______-

A

secondarily retroperitoneal

80
Q

at the iliac fossa the descending colon curves and becomes the _______

A

sigmoid colon

81
Q

the sigmoid colon is suspended from the _______

A

sigmoid mesocolon

82
Q

rectum and anal canal

continence depends on

A

compliance, consistency and control

83
Q

rectum and anal canal

the smooth muscles fibers of this sphincter are not ______-

A

under voluntary control (IAS)

84
Q

upper right abdominal quadrant

A

liver and gall bladder

85
Q

upper left abdominal quadrant

A

stomach and spleen

86
Q

lower right quadrant of abdomen

A

appendix and upper colon

87
Q

lower left quadrant of abdomen

A

sigmoid colon

88
Q

liver and gallbladder

detoxify a wide range of chemicals brought into the body through ________-

A

food digestion (liver)

89
Q

liver and gallbladder

regulates metabolism

A

metabolize nutrients into other forms for storage or use by other tissues (liver)

90
Q

liver and gallbladder

produce and secrete

A

(liver) and store bile until it is needed for fat digestion (gallbladder)

91
Q

liver is the largest

A

accessory digestive organ

92
Q

liver lies in right ____ and epigastric regions

A

hypochondriac

93
Q

liver extends into the

A

left hypochondriac and umbilical regions

94
Q

4 lobes of the liver

A

right
left
caudate
quadrate

95
Q

ligaments of liver

A

falciform
round
coronary

96
Q

gallbladder is an intraperiotoneal organ
-located ?

A

located in a fossa on the posterior surface of the livers right lobe

97
Q

the gallbladder store and concentrates

A

bile before its transfer to small intestines

98
Q

three regions of gallbladder

A

funds, body and neck

99
Q

gallbladder

cystic duct exits the gallbladder and unties with the __________ to create the common bile duct

A

hepatic duct

100
Q

gall bladder

at the duodenum a muscular sphincter of ampulla surrounds the lumen of the ______ and duodenal ampulla

A

bile duct

101
Q

the _____ brings blood from the intestine to the liver

A

hepatic portal system

102
Q

circulation in the hepatic portal system

_____ of the blood enters through portal vein

A

75%

103
Q

circulation in the hepatic portal system

____ of blood enters through hepatic artery

A

25%

104
Q

circulation in the hepatic portal system

central veins drain into the ______

A

hepatic vein

105
Q

pancreas posses both ____ and _____ gland components

A

endocrine and exocrine

106
Q

pancreas

is 99% endocrine gland

A

produces digestive enzymes and buffers

107
Q

pancreas is 1% endocrine

A

(Islet of Langerhans – Alpha and Beta Cells

108
Q

Pancreatic exocrine glands contain acini and ducts

acini

A

grape like clusters of exocrine cells that secrete digestive enzymes

109
Q

Pancreatic exocrine glands contain acini and ducts

islet of langerhans

A

secrete insulin, glycogen and other hormones (alpha and beta ducts)

110
Q

Pancreatic exocrine glands contain acini and ducts

ducts

A

fuse and drain into duodenum

CPPS 221 (16 decks)

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