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CPPS 221 > Heart > Flashcards

Heart Flashcards

1
Q

position of the heart

A

Located within the middle/central of mediastinum

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2
Q

Mediastinum is

A

an anatomical region that extends from the sternum to the vertebral column, from the first rib to diaphragm, and between the lungs

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3
Q

coordination of the beating heart

A

-pulmonary and systemic pumps work in parallel

-they are connected to each other and highly coordinated

  • contract and relax together

-pump roughly the same volume of blood

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4
Q

the heart is located in the __________ and is protected by the _______

A

thoracic cavity
pericardium

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5
Q

features of the pericardium

A

fibrous pericardium: outer layer, made of dense regular connective tissue

serous pericardium: double layered pericardial fluid-filled membrane

Parietal layer: outermost layer in contact with fibrous pericardium

Visceral layer: surrounds and is continuous with surface of the heart

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6
Q

pericardial cavity contains

A

a small amount of pericardial fluid which helps lubricate the heart to facilitate contraction / relaxation

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7
Q

the heart is an ________ organ

A

multilayered

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8
Q

epicardium

A

outermost layer, made of loose areolar connective and adipose tissue (visceral pericardium)

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9
Q

myocardium

A

thickest layer, contains cardiomyocytes and cardiac skeleton (heart muscle itself)

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10
Q

endocardium

A

deepest layer, made of simple squamous endothelial tissue

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11
Q

superficial structure of the heart

A

-4 chambers
-the two superior receiving chambers are the atria (right and left), receives blood from veins
-the two inferior pumping chambers are the ventricles (right and left), eject blood from heart into arteries

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12
Q

right atrium
receives blood from (3 openings)

A

-superior vena cava
-inferior vena cava
-coronary sinus
has an auricle

pumps blood to the right ventricle

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13
Q

right ventricle

A

-receives blood from the right atrium
-pumps blood to the lungs through the pulmonary arteries (away from the heart- deoxygenated blood)

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14
Q

left atrium

A

has an auricle
receives blood from the lungs (4 openings)
- 4 pulmonary veins (oxygenated blood)

pumps blood to the left ventricle

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15
Q

left ventricle

A

receives blood from the left atrium
- pumps blood to the whole body through the aorta (oxygenated away)
-thicker wall when compared with right ventricles

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16
Q

major arteries of the heart -
Arch of Aorta

branches (3)

A

-starts after the ascending aorta
-ends as the thoracic aorta at a level between T4 and T5

branches
- brachiocephalic trunk
-left subclavian artery
-left common carotid artery

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17
Q

veins returning blood to the heart
superior vena cava

A

receives blood from veins above the diagram

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17
Q

veins returning blood to the heart
inferior vena cava

A

receives blood from veins below the diaphragm

18
Q

veins returning blood to the heart
coronary sinus

A

receives blood from cardiac veins

19
Q

blood flow through the heart and major vessels

A
  1. De-oxygenated blood enters right atrium from body through superior and inferior vena cava
  2. pumped through tricuspid valve to right ventricle
  3. blood exits heart through pulmonary arteries into pulmonary circulation
  4. oxygen-rich blood returns through pulmonary veins into the left atrium
  5. pumped through virtual valve into left ventricle
  6. blood exits through aorta into systemic circulation
20
Q

coronary arteries
two branches

A

right coronary artery and left coronary artery

21
Q

right coronary artery

A

within coronary sulcus
between right auricle and pulmonary trunk

branches:
-right marginal
-sino atrial
- posterior interventricular

22
Q

left coronary artery

A

within coronary sulcus
between left auricle and pulmonary trunk
larger diameter then right one
anastomoses with right coronary artery via circumflex artery

branches:
1. anterior interventricular artery (LAD)
2. circumflex artery branches into left marginal artery

23
Q

coronary veins
(3)

A

-greater cardiac veins (runs along LAD)

-middle cardiac vein (runs along posterior inter ventricular artery)

-small cardiac vein (runs along the coronary artery)

all drain in coronary sinus

24
Q

right atrium: pectinate muscles

A

extends along the inner wall of right atrium

25
Q

3 openings in right atrium

A

coronary sinus, superior vena cava and inferior vena cava

fossa ovalis

26
Q

right ventricle
papillary muscles
chord tendinae

A

Chordae tendineae arise from the papillary muscles

Limit movement of the cusps when the valves close preventing backflow of blood

27
Q

right ventricle
tricuspid valve

A

valve (separates R atrium from R ventricle)

28
Q

right ventricle
conus arteriousus

A

cone shaped pouch – superior end of right ventricle

29
Q

right ventricle
trabeculae carneae

A

only found in the ventricles

30
Q

right ventricle
moderator band (if present)

A

(Septomarginal trabeculae), it carries part of the right bundle of the conduction system to the papillary muscles

31
Q

left atrium features

A

same features like right atrium expect openings and fossa ovalis

bicuspid valve (mitral valve)

32
Q

left ventricle features

A

-no moderator band
-2 cups (mitral valve) - bicuspid separates L atrium from the L ventricle

-thicker wall than right ones

33
Q

AV valves are restrained by …

A

chordae tendinae (fibrous chords) which are int urn attached to papillary muscle

34
Q

__________ separated pulmonary trunk from right ventricle

A

pulmonary seminar valve

35
Q

aorta exits from left ventricle through _____________

A

aortic seminar valve

36
Q

atrial systole begins

A

atrial contraction forces a small amount of additional blood into relaxed ventricles

37
Q

ventricular systole-first phases

A

ventricular contraction pushes AV valves closed but does not create enough pressure to open seminar valves

38
Q

ventricular systole- second phase

A

as ventricular pressure rises and exceeds pressure in the arteries, the semiulnar valves open and blood is ejected

39
Q

ventricular diastole early

A

as ventricles relax, pressure in ventricles drops, blood flows back against cusps of semiulnar valves and forces them closed. blood flows into the relaxed aorta

40
Q

ventricular diastole - late

A

all chambers are relaxed, ventricles fill passively

41
Q

SA node - sinoatrial node

A

back wall of right atrium) pacemaker, spontaneously depolarizes & initiates heart beat

42
Q

AV - atrioventricular node

A

located where the 4 chambers meet - just above tricuspid valve
* AV bundle transmits down the top of the inter-ventricular septum where it divides into two

42
Q

purkinje fibers

A

which reflect up the external walls of the ventricles and extend into papillary muscles as well
stimulate contraction of cardiac muscle cells as a unit

CPPS 221 (16 decks)

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