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DAT Biology > Nervous system > Flashcards

Nervous system Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

what produces myelin in the CNS

A

oligodendrocytes

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2
Q

what produces myelin in the PNS

A

schwann cells

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3
Q

when does depolarization occur

A

when Na+ channels open and Na+ influx into the neuron occurs

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4
Q

when do K+ channels open

A

when the cell reaches +35 mV

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5
Q

what happens when K+ channels open

A

repolarization

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6
Q

how does hyper-polarization happen

A

opening and closing of the K+ channels can be slow

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7
Q

what is the refractory period and when does it occur

A

a period of time after the action potential in which new action potentials are very hard to initiate, occurs during hyperpolarization

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8
Q

is white matter myelinated or unmyelinated

A

myelinated

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9
Q

is grey matter myelinated or unmyelinated

A

unmyelinated

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10
Q

what type of neurons are neurons that carry sensory information

A

afferent neurons

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11
Q

what direction to afferent neurons travel

A

from external environment to the spinal cord or brain

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12
Q

what direction to efferent neurons travel

A

from the brain or spinal cord to various parts of the body

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13
Q

what type of neurons are efferent neurons

A

motor neurons

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14
Q

what are the neuroglia in the CNS

A

astrocytes, oligodendrocytes, microglia, ependymal cells

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15
Q

what are the neuroglia in the PNS

A

satellite cells, schwann cells

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16
Q

what do astrocytes do

A

maintain the integrity of the blood-brain barrier, regulate nutrient and gas concentrations, degrade NTs

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17
Q

what do microglia do

A

remove cellular debris

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18
Q

what do ependymal cells do

A

line the brain ventricles and aid in the production, circulation, and monitoring of cerebral spinal fluid

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19
Q

what do satellite cells do

A

surround the neuron cell bodies in the ganglia

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20
Q

what is another name for the forebrain

A

prosencephalon

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21
Q

what does the forebrain consist of

A

telencephalon and diencephalon

22
Q

what does the telencephalon contain

A

the cerebral cortex and the olfactory bulb

23
Q

what does the cerebral cortex do

A

processes and integrates sensory input and memory responses, also important for memory and creative thought

24
Q

what does the olfactory bulb do

A

it is the center for reception and integration of smell

25
Q

what does the diencephalon contain

A

the thalamus and hypothalamus

26
Q

what does the thalamus do

A

it is a relay and integrate center for the spinal cord and cereal cortex

27
Q

what does the hypothalamus do

A

controls visceral functions such as hunger, thirst, sex drive water balance, blood pressure, and temperature regulation, also plays important role in the endocrine system

28
Q

what is another name for the midbrain

A

mesencephalon

29
Q

what does the midbrain do

A

it is a relay center for visual and auditory impulses, also plays a role in motor control

30
Q

what is another name for the hindbrain

A

rhombencephalon

31
Q

what does the hindbrain consist of

A

the pons, the medulla, and the cerebellum

32
Q

what does the cerebellum do

A

modulates motor impulses initiated by the cerebral cortex and is important in the maintenance of balance, hand-eye coordination and the timing of rapid movements

33
Q

what does the pons do

A

acts as a relay center to allow the cortex to communicate with the cerebellum

34
Q

what does the medulla do

A

controls breathing, heart rate, and GI activity

35
Q

what does the outer white matter of the spinal cord contain

A

motor and sensory axons

36
Q

what does the inner grey matter of the spinal cord contain

A

nerve cell bodies

37
Q

where does sensory information enter the spinal cord

A

through the dorsal horn

38
Q

where does motor information exit the spinal cord

A

through the ventral horn

39
Q

what is the primary neurotransmitter in the sympathetic nervous system

A

norepinephrine

40
Q

what is the primary neurotransmitter in the parasympathetic nervous system

A

acetylcholine

41
Q

what does the choroid layer of the eye do

A

supplies the retina with blood , it also reduced reflection in the eye

42
Q

what does the cornea of the eye do

A

bends and focuses light rays

43
Q

what is the central section of the retina called

A

the macula

44
Q

what is the central section of the macula called

A

the fovea

45
Q

does the fovea contain rods or cones

A

cones only

46
Q

what is the visual pathway

A

photoreceptor cells synapse on bipolar cells which synapse on ganglion cells which form the optic nerve which transmits visual information to the brain

47
Q

what is myopia

A

nearsightedness, occurs when the image is focused in front of the retina

48
Q

what is hyperopia

A

farsightedness, occurs when the image is focused behind the retina

49
Q

what is astigmatism caused by

A

an irregular shaped cornea

50
Q

what is glaucoma

A

an increase in the pressure of the eye because of blocking of the outflow of the aqueous humor which results in optic nerve damage

51
Q

what are the 3 bones of the middle ear

A

malleus, incus, and stapes

52
Q

what does the inner ear consist of

A

cochlea and vestibule

DAT Biology (23 decks)

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