Chapter 15- Urinary system

Question 1

what are the principle organs of excretion in the body

Answer 1

lungs, liver, skin, and kidneys

Question 2

what are the three regions of the kidney

Answer 2

outer cortex, inner medulla, and renal pelvis

Question 3

what parts of the nephron are located in the cortex

Answer 3

convoluted tubules and Bowman’s capsule

Question 4

what parts of the nephron are located in the medulla

Answer 4

loop of henle and the collecting duct

Question 5

what are the three processes that lead to urine formation

Answer 5

filtration, secretion, and reabsorption

Question 6

how does the filtrate concentration compare to blood

Answer 6

it is isotonic

Question 7

what is filtration driven by

Answer 7

hydrostatic pressure

Question 8

where does filtration occur

Answer 8

the glomerulus

Question 9

is filtration active or passive

Answer 9

passive

Question 10

what happens in secretion

Answer 10

the nephron secretes waste substances such as acid, ions, and other metabolites from the interstitial fluid into the filtrate

Question 11

is secretion active or passive

Answer 11

it can be either

Question 12

what happens in reabsorption

Answer 12

essential substances and water are reabsorbed from the filtrate and returned to the blood

Question 13

where does reabsorption occur

Answer 13

in the PCT

Question 14

is reabsorption active or passive

Answer 14

active

Question 15

what gets reasborbed

Answer 15

glucose, salts, and amino acids

Question 16

what cannot be filtered in the glomerulus

Answer 16

larger components of blood such as cells or proteins

Question 17

what is reabsorbed at the PCT

Answer 17

amino acids, glucose, water-soluble vitamins and salts are reabsorbed with water

Question 18

how do reabsorbed solutes reenter circulation

Answer 18

through the peritubular capillaries which are part of the vasa recta

Question 19

what is secreted at the PCT

Answer 19

hydrogen ions, potassium ions, ammonia, and urea

Question 20

what is the descending loop of henle permeable to

Answer 20

water

Question 21

what is the ascending loop of henle permeable to

Answer 21

salts

Question 22

why does the ascending loop of henle thicken

Answer 22

because of the increased amount of mitochondria

Question 23

why does the thick ascending loop of henle need more mitochondria

Answer 23

they procude additional ATP needed to power active transporters that pump out Na+ and Cl- from the filtrate

Question 24

describe the concentration of the filtrate in the descending loop of henle vs the ascending loop

Answer 24

in the descending loop the filtrate is more concentrated, in the ascending loop the filtrate becomes diluted

Question 25

what happens in the DCT

Answer 25

reabsorption and secretion

Question 26

what hormone does the DCT respond to and what effect does it have

Answer 26

aldosterone, which promotes sodium and water reabsorption

Question 27

what hormones does the collecting duct respond to

Answer 27

aldosterone and ADH

Question 28

what is the countercurrent multiplier system

Answer 28

energy is used to create a concentration gradient

Question 29

what are the maximum osmolarities at the cortex and deep cortex

Answer 29

cortex- 300

deep cortex-1200

Question 30

what type of hormone is aldosterone

Answer 30

steroid hormone

Question 31

what does aldosterone do

Answer 31

up-regulates the active transport of sodium and potassium ions along the DCT and collecting duct, resulting in decreased excretion of sodium ions and increased excretion of potassium ions

Question 32

what does ADH do

Answer 32

directly affects water reabsorption in the DCT and collecting duct by opening additional aquaporins

Question 33

what do ADH and aldosterone BOTH do

Answer 33

decrease urine output and increase blood pressure

Question 34

what is the main difference between ADH and aldosteron

Answer 34

aldosterone does not affect the osmolarity of the blood, but ADH does