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DAT Biology > Chapter 18- Developmental Biology > Flashcards

Chapter 18- Developmental Biology Flashcards

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1
Q

what does cleavage result in

A

progressively smaller cells with an increasing ratio of nuclei to cytoplasm and the surface area to volume of each cell

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2
Q

how long after fertilization is the first cleavage completed

A

32 hours

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3
Q

how long after fertilization is the second cleavage completed

A

72 hours

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4
Q

what is the result after the second cleavage

A

a morula

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5
Q

what is blastulation

A

when the morula develops a fluid-filled cavity called the blastocoel

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6
Q

what does the blastocoel become

A

the blastula

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7
Q

what is the order of “embryonic development”?

A

morula-> blastocoel-> blastula-> gastrula

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8
Q

what is the outer layer of cells of the blastula called

A

the trophoblast

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9
Q

what does the trophoblast do

A
  • plays a role in the implantation of the blastula in the uterus
  • provides nutrients to the embryo and develops into part of the placenta
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10
Q

what is the amnion

A

a thin, tough membrane containing a watery fluid called amniotic fluid

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11
Q

what is the purpose of the amnion

A

is acts as a shock absorber of external pressure during gestation and localized pressure from uterine contractions during labor

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12
Q

what does placenta formation begin with

A

the chorion

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13
Q

what is the chorion

A

a membrane that completely surrounds the amnion

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14
Q

what does the chorion do

A

assists with transfer of nutrients from the mother to the fetus

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15
Q

what is the allantois

A

an outpocketing of the gut

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16
Q

what is the purpose of the allantois

A

the blood vessels of the allantoic wall enlarge and become the umbilical vessels, which will connect the fetus to the placenta

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17
Q

what does the yolk sac do

A

comes associated with the umbilical vessels

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18
Q

when is the gastrula formed

A

after week two

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19
Q

what does the ectoderm differentiate into

A

integumentary system, lens of the eye, the retina, the nervous system

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20
Q

what does the mesoderm differentiate into

A

musculoskeletal system, circulatory system, excretory system, gonads, connective tissue throughout the body, and portions of digestive and respiratory systems

21
Q

what does the endoderm differentiate into

A

epithelial linings of the digestive and respiratory tracts and parts of the liver, pancreas, thyroids, and bladder lining

22
Q

what is neurulation

A

regions of the germ layer begin to develop into rudimentary nervous system at the end of gastrulation

23
Q

what do neural crest cells give rise to

A

sensory ganglia, autonomic ganglia, adrenal medulla, and schwann cells

24
Q

what are the three final stages of development

A

organogenesis, growth, gametogenesis

25
Q

what happens in organogenesis

A

the body organs begin to form

26
Q

what happens in growth phase

A

organs increase in size which is a continual process from infancy to adulthood

27
Q

what happens in gametogenesis

A

eggs develop in women and sperm develop in men which permits reproduction to occur

28
Q

what happens during the first weeks of fertilization

A

major organs begin to develop, the heart starts to beat at 22 days

29
Q

describe the embryo at the end of the first trimester

A

most of the organs have developed, the embryo is referred to as a fetus, it is 9 cm long

30
Q

describe the fetus at the end of the second trimester

A

its face appears human, its toes and fingers elongate, the fetus is 30-36 cm long

31
Q

what happens during the ninth month of pregnancy

A

antibodies are transported from the mother to the fetus

32
Q

what occurs in the first phase of labor

A

cervix thins and dilates, the amniotic sac ruptures and contractions are relatively mild

33
Q

what occurs in the second phase of labor

A

rapid contractions, resulting in the birth of the baby

34
Q

what occurs in the third phase of labor

A

uterus contracts, expelling the placenta and the umbilical chord

35
Q

what are teratogens

A

congenital disorders from chemical and biological agents

36
Q

what is vertical transmission

A

when a mother passes on an infection directly to her developing offspring

37
Q

what process occurs in angiosperms

A

double fertilization

38
Q

what are the components in a seed embryo

A

epicotyl, cotyledons, hypocotyl, endosperm, seed coat

39
Q

what is the epicotyl

A

precursor of the upper stem and leaves

40
Q

what is the cotyledons

A

seed leaves, dicots have two seed leaves, while monocots have only one

41
Q

what is the hypocotyl

A

the lower stem and root

42
Q

what is the endosperm

A

feeds the embryo in angiosperms. in dicots the cotyledon absorbs the endosperm

43
Q

what is the seed coat

A

develops from the outer covering of the ovule, the embryo and its seed coat together comprise the seed

44
Q

what is seed germination

A

the process of a seed sprouting into a seedling

45
Q

what are meristem cells

A

they determine how tall a plant can grow

46
Q

where is the apical meristem found and what occurs here

A

found at the tips of roots and stems and growth in length only occurs at these points

47
Q

where is the lateral meristem located

A

between the xylem and phloem

48
Q

what is the purpose of the lateral meristem

A

permits growth in diameter and can differentiate into new xylem and phloem cells

DAT Biology (23 decks)

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