Chapter 16- endocrine Flashcards
what does GnRH stimulate the release of
LH and FSH
what releases GnRH
hypothalamus
what releases LH and FSH
anterior pituitary
what releases CRF/CRH
hypothalamus
what does CRF/CRH stimulate the release of
ACTH
what does ACTH act on
adrenal cortex to increase glucocorticoid levels
what synthesizes oxytocin
hypothalamic cells
where is oxytocin stored
posterior pituitary
what synthesizes ADH
hypothalamic cells
where is ADH stored
posterior pituitary
what are the tropic hormones for the anterior pituitary
FSH, LH, ACTH, and TSH
what are the direct hormones for the anterior pituitary
prolactin, endorphins, GH, and MSH
what does FSH do
women- causes maturation of ovarian follicles which secrete estrogen
men- stimulates maturation of the seminiferous tubules and sperm production
what does LH do
women- stimulates ovulation and maintenance of the corpeus luteum, progesterone secretion
men- stimulates interstitial cells of the testes to synthesize testosterone
what does ACTH do
stimulates adrenal cortex to synthesize and secrete glucocorticoids
what regulates ACTH
CRF
what does TSH do
stimulates thyroid gland to synthesize and release thyroid hormones, T4 and T3
what does prolactin do
stimulates milk production in mammary glands
what do endorphins do
NTs that have pain relieving properties
what does GH do
promotes bone and muscle growth, protein synthesis and lipid mobilization and catabolism
what does MSH do
in mammals- plays a role in the sun-darkening of the skin
in amphibians- the role is reversed for camouflage
what does oxytocin do
secreted during childbirth, increases the strength and frequency of uterine muscle contractions , also stimulates milk secretion in mammary glands
what does ADH do
increases water permeability in the collecting duct of the nephron, promoting water reabsorption and increasing blood volume
when is ADH secreted
when plasma osmolarity increases, sensed by osmoreceptors in the hypothalamus, or when blood volume decreases sensed by baroreceptors in the circulatory system
what are examples of glucocorticoids
cortisol and cortisone
what do glucocorticoids do
raise blood glucose levels by promoting protein breakdown and gluconeogenesis and decreasing protein synthesis, trigger release of amino acids by skeletal muscle and lipids from adipose tissue
what is an example of mineralcorticoids
aldosterone
what do mineralocorticoids do
causes active reabsorption of sodium and passive water reabsorption of water at the nephron of the kidney, increase in blood volume and blood pressure
what stimulates mineralocortiocoids
angiotensin II
what inhibits mineralocorticoids
ANP
what regulates angiotensin II
lungs and kidney
what produces ANP
the heart
what are examples of androgens
male sex hormones
what do androgens do
effect in men is small, in women- overproduction of these can have masculinizing effects (facial hair)
what does the adrenal medulla produce
epinephrine and norepinephrine
what are examples of catecholamines
epinephrine and norepinephrine
what are catecholamines made of
amino acids
what does epinephrine do
increases the conversion of glycogen to glucose in the liver and muscle tissue, causing an increase in blood glucose levels, and in increase in basal metabolic rate
what does calcitonin do
decreases plasma Ca2+ concentration by inhibiting release of calcium from bone
what does PTH do
increases plasma Ca2+ concentration
what synthesizes PTH
parathyroid glands
what is renin
an enzyme that converts the plasma protein angiotensin to angiotensin I
what produces erythropoietin
the kidneys
what does the pineal gland secrete
melatonin
what pathway do peptide hormones initiate when they bind to surface receptors
cyclic AMP pathway
where are receptors for steroid hormones located
intracellular
how do steroid hormones travel in the bloodstream
binds to a carrier protein
how do peptide hormones travel in the bloodstream
dissolves and travels freely
