Chapter 16- endocrine

Question 1

what does GnRH stimulate the release of

Answer 1

LH and FSH

Question 2

what releases GnRH

Answer 2

hypothalamus

Question 3

what releases LH and FSH

Answer 3

anterior pituitary

Question 4

what releases CRF/CRH

Answer 4

hypothalamus

Question 5

what does CRF/CRH stimulate the release of

Answer 5

ACTH

Question 6

what does ACTH act on

Answer 6

adrenal cortex to increase glucocorticoid levels

Question 7

what synthesizes oxytocin

Answer 7

hypothalamic cells

Question 8

where is oxytocin stored

Answer 8

posterior pituitary

Question 9

what synthesizes ADH

Answer 9

hypothalamic cells

Question 10

where is ADH stored

Answer 10

posterior pituitary

Question 11

what are the tropic hormones for the anterior pituitary

Answer 11

FSH, LH, ACTH, and TSH

Question 12

what are the direct hormones for the anterior pituitary

Answer 12

prolactin, endorphins, GH, and MSH

Question 13

what does FSH do

Answer 13

women- causes maturation of ovarian follicles which secrete estrogen
men- stimulates maturation of the seminiferous tubules and sperm production

Question 14

what does LH do

Answer 14

women- stimulates ovulation and maintenance of the corpeus luteum, progesterone secretion
men- stimulates interstitial cells of the testes to synthesize testosterone

Question 15

what does ACTH do

Answer 15

stimulates adrenal cortex to synthesize and secrete glucocorticoids

Question 16

what regulates ACTH

Answer 16

CRF

Question 17

what does TSH do

Answer 17

stimulates thyroid gland to synthesize and release thyroid hormones, T4 and T3

Question 18

what does prolactin do

Answer 18

stimulates milk production in mammary glands

Question 19

what do endorphins do

Answer 19

NTs that have pain relieving properties

Question 20

what does GH do

Answer 20

promotes bone and muscle growth, protein synthesis and lipid mobilization and catabolism

Question 21

what does MSH do

Answer 21

in mammals- plays a role in the sun-darkening of the skin

in amphibians- the role is reversed for camouflage

Question 22

what does oxytocin do

Answer 22

secreted during childbirth, increases the strength and frequency of uterine muscle contractions , also stimulates milk secretion in mammary glands

Question 23

what does ADH do

Answer 23

increases water permeability in the collecting duct of the nephron, promoting water reabsorption and increasing blood volume

Question 24

when is ADH secreted

Answer 24

when plasma osmolarity increases, sensed by osmoreceptors in the hypothalamus, or when blood volume decreases sensed by baroreceptors in the circulatory system

Question 25

what are examples of glucocorticoids

Answer 25

cortisol and cortisone

Question 26

what do glucocorticoids do

Answer 26

raise blood glucose levels by promoting protein breakdown and gluconeogenesis and decreasing protein synthesis, trigger release of amino acids by skeletal muscle and lipids from adipose tissue

Question 27

what is an example of mineralcorticoids

Answer 27

aldosterone

Question 28

what do mineralocorticoids do

Answer 28

causes active reabsorption of sodium and passive water reabsorption of water at the nephron of the kidney, increase in blood volume and blood pressure

Question 29

what stimulates mineralocortiocoids

Answer 29

angiotensin II

Question 30

what inhibits mineralocorticoids

Answer 30

ANP

Question 31

what regulates angiotensin II

Answer 31

lungs and kidney

Question 32

what produces ANP

Answer 32

the heart

Question 33

what are examples of androgens

Answer 33

male sex hormones

Question 34

what do androgens do

Answer 34

effect in men is small, in women- overproduction of these can have masculinizing effects (facial hair)

Question 35

what does the adrenal medulla produce

Answer 35

epinephrine and norepinephrine

Question 36

what are examples of catecholamines

Answer 36

epinephrine and norepinephrine

Question 37

what are catecholamines made of

Answer 37

amino acids

Question 38

what does epinephrine do

Answer 38

increases the conversion of glycogen to glucose in the liver and muscle tissue, causing an increase in blood glucose levels, and in increase in basal metabolic rate

Question 39

what does calcitonin do

Answer 39

decreases plasma Ca2+ concentration by inhibiting release of calcium from bone

Question 40

what does PTH do

Answer 40

increases plasma Ca2+ concentration

Question 41

what synthesizes PTH

Answer 41

parathyroid glands

Question 42

what is renin

Answer 42

an enzyme that converts the plasma protein angiotensin to angiotensin I

Question 43

what produces erythropoietin

Answer 43

the kidneys

Question 44

what does the pineal gland secrete

Answer 44

melatonin

Question 45

what pathway do peptide hormones initiate when they bind to surface receptors

Answer 45

cyclic AMP pathway

Question 46

where are receptors for steroid hormones located

Answer 46

intracellular

Question 47

how do steroid hormones travel in the bloodstream

Answer 47

binds to a carrier protein

Question 48

how do peptide hormones travel in the bloodstream

Answer 48

dissolves and travels freely