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DAT Biology > Chapter 17- reproductive system > Flashcards

Chapter 17- reproductive system Flashcards

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1
Q

where is sperm produced

A

in the seminiferous tubules of the testes

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2
Q

where are eggs produced

A

in the ovaries

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3
Q

where do sperm cells mature

A

epididymis

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4
Q

what is the path that sperm travel during ejaculation

A

seminiferous tubules-> epididymis-> vas deferens-> ejaculatory duct -> urethra

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5
Q

what does FSH act on in males

A

sertoli cells

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6
Q

where are sertoli cells located

A

seminiferous tubules

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7
Q

what does LH act on in males

A

leydig cells

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8
Q

where are leydig cells located

A

in the testes

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9
Q

what does FSH do in males

A

stimulates sperm maturation

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10
Q

what does LH do in males

A

stimulates testosterone production

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11
Q

what type of hormone is testosterone

A

steroid hormone

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12
Q

what induces male sex differentiation in embryogensis

A

testosterone

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13
Q

what are the stages of sperm maturation in spermatogenesis

A

spermatagonia -> primary spermocytes -> secondary spermocytes -> spermatids-> spermatozoa

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14
Q

which stages in spermatogensis have diploid sperm cells

A

spermatagonia and primary spermatocytes

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15
Q

what does the head of the sperm consist of

A

the nucleus

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16
Q

where are the mitochondria in the sperm located

A

in the body and neck

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17
Q

what is the acromosome

A

a cap-like structure that develops over the anterior half of the head of the sperm

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18
Q

what is the acromosome derived from

A

the golgi apparatus

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19
Q

what does the acromosome contain

A

enzymes needed to penetrate the tough outer covering of the ovum

20
Q

what is a follicle

A

a multilayered sac of cells that contains, nourishes, and protects an immature ovum

21
Q

what do the follicle cells produce

A

estrogen

22
Q

what is the narrow end of the uterus called

A

the cervix

23
Q

when does meiosis II occur in the secondary oocytes

A

after fertilization

24
Q

what are the two layers that surround the oocyte

A

inner zona pellucida layer and the outer corona radiata later

25
Q

what type of hormone is estrogen

A

steroid hormone

26
Q

what secretes estrogen in females

A

ovarian follicles and the corpus luteum

27
Q

what does estrogen do

A

stimulate the production of the female reproductive tract, contribute to the development of secondary sexual characteristics, influence libido, and thickening of the endometrium

28
Q

what is the endometrium

A

the inner lining of the uterine wall

29
Q

what type of hormone is progesterpne

A

a steroid hormone

30
Q

what does progesterone do in women

A

stimulates the development and maintenance of the endometrium in preparation for implantation

31
Q

what secretes progesterone in women

A

the corpus luteum during the luteal phase of the menstrual cycle

32
Q

what are the phases of the menstrual cycle

A

follicular phase, ovulation, the luteal phase, and menstruation

33
Q

what happens in the follicular phase

A

the growth of the follice

34
Q

what hormones are active during the follicular phase

A

GnRH and FSH and subsequently estrogen

35
Q

what happens in ovulation

A

a mature ovarian follicle bursts and releases an ovum into the fallopian tube

36
Q

what is ovulation caused by

A

a surge in LH that is caused by the previous spike in estrogen levels

37
Q

what is happening during menopause

A

the ovaries become less sensitive to the hormones that stimulate follicle development and eventually atrophy
-estrogen and progesterone levels greatly decline, follicles disappear, and ovulation stops

38
Q

what happens in the luteal phase

A

the corpus luteum appears and secretes estrogen and progesterone

39
Q

what maintains the corpus luteum

A

LH

40
Q

what happens in menstruation

A

the decrease in LH leads to corpus luteum atrophy and the endometrium sheds giving rise to menses

41
Q

what happens if fertilization occurs

A

the zygote and developing placenta produce hCG which will maintain the corpus luteum and ensure a continuous supply of estrogen and progesterone

42
Q

describe the cortical reaction in the ovum

A

calcium ions are released into the cytoplasm which initiates a series of reactions that result in the formation of the fertilization membrane

43
Q

what is the fertilization membrane

A

a hard layer that surrounds the ovum cell membrane and prevents multiple fertilizations

44
Q

how are monozygotic twins produced

A

the zygote splits into two embryos

45
Q

how are dizygotic twins produced

A

when two ova are released in an ovarian cycle and are fertilized by two different sperm

DAT Biology (23 decks)

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