Chapter 17- reproductive system Flashcards
where is sperm produced
in the seminiferous tubules of the testes
where are eggs produced
in the ovaries
where do sperm cells mature
epididymis
what is the path that sperm travel during ejaculation
seminiferous tubules-> epididymis-> vas deferens-> ejaculatory duct -> urethra
what does FSH act on in males
sertoli cells
where are sertoli cells located
seminiferous tubules
what does LH act on in males
leydig cells
where are leydig cells located
in the testes
what does FSH do in males
stimulates sperm maturation
what does LH do in males
stimulates testosterone production
what type of hormone is testosterone
steroid hormone
what induces male sex differentiation in embryogensis
testosterone
what are the stages of sperm maturation in spermatogenesis
spermatagonia -> primary spermocytes -> secondary spermocytes -> spermatids-> spermatozoa
which stages in spermatogensis have diploid sperm cells
spermatagonia and primary spermatocytes
what does the head of the sperm consist of
the nucleus
where are the mitochondria in the sperm located
in the body and neck
what is the acromosome
a cap-like structure that develops over the anterior half of the head of the sperm
what is the acromosome derived from
the golgi apparatus
what does the acromosome contain
enzymes needed to penetrate the tough outer covering of the ovum
what is a follicle
a multilayered sac of cells that contains, nourishes, and protects an immature ovum
what do the follicle cells produce
estrogen
what is the narrow end of the uterus called
the cervix
when does meiosis II occur in the secondary oocytes
after fertilization
what are the two layers that surround the oocyte
inner zona pellucida layer and the outer corona radiata later
what type of hormone is estrogen
steroid hormone
what secretes estrogen in females
ovarian follicles and the corpus luteum
what does estrogen do
stimulate the production of the female reproductive tract, contribute to the development of secondary sexual characteristics, influence libido, and thickening of the endometrium
what is the endometrium
the inner lining of the uterine wall
what type of hormone is progesterpne
a steroid hormone
what does progesterone do in women
stimulates the development and maintenance of the endometrium in preparation for implantation
what secretes progesterone in women
the corpus luteum during the luteal phase of the menstrual cycle
what are the phases of the menstrual cycle
follicular phase, ovulation, the luteal phase, and menstruation
what happens in the follicular phase
the growth of the follice
what hormones are active during the follicular phase
GnRH and FSH and subsequently estrogen
what happens in ovulation
a mature ovarian follicle bursts and releases an ovum into the fallopian tube
what is ovulation caused by
a surge in LH that is caused by the previous spike in estrogen levels
what is happening during menopause
the ovaries become less sensitive to the hormones that stimulate follicle development and eventually atrophy
-estrogen and progesterone levels greatly decline, follicles disappear, and ovulation stops
what happens in the luteal phase
the corpus luteum appears and secretes estrogen and progesterone
what maintains the corpus luteum
LH
what happens in menstruation
the decrease in LH leads to corpus luteum atrophy and the endometrium sheds giving rise to menses
what happens if fertilization occurs
the zygote and developing placenta produce hCG which will maintain the corpus luteum and ensure a continuous supply of estrogen and progesterone
describe the cortical reaction in the ovum
calcium ions are released into the cytoplasm which initiates a series of reactions that result in the formation of the fertilization membrane
what is the fertilization membrane
a hard layer that surrounds the ovum cell membrane and prevents multiple fertilizations
how are monozygotic twins produced
the zygote splits into two embryos
how are dizygotic twins produced
when two ova are released in an ovarian cycle and are fertilized by two different sperm
