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Anatomy > Nervous System > Flashcards

Nervous System Flashcards

1
Q

The main function of the nervous system is

A

to control and coordinate all body functions
It responds to internal and external stimuli

Internal – hunger, thirst, fear…
External – sight, sound, pressure…

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2
Q

Parts of nervous system

A
  • brain
  • spinal cord
  • and all the nerves
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3
Q

the brain, 3 main parts

A
  • Cerebrum
  • Cerebellum

-Brain stem:
The pons
The medulla oblongata

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4
Q

Cerebrum

A

Is the largest part

Is the centre for thought and intelligence, movement and memory, language and emotion

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5
Q

Cerebellum

A

Co-ordinates movements and balance

Also called “little brain” or hind brain

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6
Q

Brain stem

A

Connects other parts of the brain to the spinal cord

Made up of pons and medulla oblongata

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7
Q

what are the brain subsystems

A

Central nervous system

Peripheral nervous system

Autonomic nervous system

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8
Q

Central nervous system

A
  • Includes the brain and spinal cord
  • where information is processed
  • Receives from and sends information to the peripheral nervous system
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9
Q

Peripheral nervous system

how many pairs of cranial nerves

How many spinal nerves

A

Consists of all the nerves going to (sensory) and from (motor) the spinal cord

There are 12 pairs of cranial nerves

There are 31 pairs of spinal nerves

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10
Q

Autonomic nervous system

A

Responsible for involuntary functions
HR, digestion, respiration rate, urination, sexual arousal etc.
Divided into sympathetic and parasympathetic

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11
Q

sympathetic and parasympathetic in ANS

A

SYMPATHETIC
“ Fight or flight ”
Speeds things up in times of stress/crisis
Ex. respiration, HR, BP, shunts blood away from core of body to periphery
Adrenal glands secrete adrenaline (epinephrine)

PARASYMPATHETIC- vagus nerve has control
“Rest and Digest”
Slows things down
Balances the sympathetic by counteracting its effects
Ex. **Decrease in HR, BP, shunts blood to the core and away from limbs
Acetylcholine

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12
Q

Ardrenal Glands

A
  • Sit on top of each kidney
  • Produce hormones that help to control the nervous system

-Epinephrine – Adrenalin
Secreted by adrenal medulla

  • Testosterone
  • Precursor to estrogen
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13
Q

how is homeostasis achieved in NS

examples

A

This is achieved through the opposing functions of the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems

such as: 
Fluid balance	
Electrolyte balance	
Body temperature
Blood pressure
Heart rate
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14
Q

what are nerves made of

can they repair

A

Made of nerve cells called neurons

Can repair but only at a very slow rate
Injuries to nerves can become permanent

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15
Q

Parts of a neuron

A

Dendrites: short fibers that extend from the body of the cell; receive the messages from the adjacent nerves

Synapse: junction from one neuron to the next neuron, or to the muscle, or organ, **sends messages

Myelin Sheath:
Fatty covering of the axon allowing for nerve impulse conduction

Axon: long process that extends from the nerve cell; transmits the message to the next neuron

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16
Q

Types of neurons

A

Motor- Carry messages out from the brain to muscles

Interneuron/Mixed - Nerves that perform both sensory and motor function

Sensory- Carry messages to the brain and spinal cord bringing sensory information such as pressure, temperature, pain

17
Q

How nerves fires

A

A nerve impulse is also known as an Action Potential

Fire on an all or nothing principle
Actional potentials allow for cell-to-cell communication

18
Q

How does Action Potential work

A

A resting nerve cell is negatively charged
When the nerve begins to “fire”, channels in the membrane of the nerve open and allow Na+ and K+ to enter the cell

Inside of the cell becomes positively charged
The positive charge travels along the nerve axon to the axon terminal (end of the nerve cell)

When the charge reaches the end of the nerve cell, chemicals called neurotransmitters are released

These chemicals cross the gap between the previous nerve cell (Synaptic cleft) and the next nerve cell to begin the process all over again and continue the nerve signal

19
Q

All-Or-None principle

A

A nerve will fire regardless of the strength of stimulus, as long as the stimulus exceeds the threshold potential of the cell
It either fires or it doesn’t

20
Q

SALTATORY CONDUCTION

A

When the action potential travels down a nerve, it can “jump” along the axon on the myelin sheath
This spends up the transmission of the nerve impulse

21
Q

Nervous System Disorders

Parkinson’s Disease

A

Progressive degeneration of motor function (motor disfunction)
Signs/Symptoms
Shuffling gait
Pill rolling tremor

22
Q

Nervous System Disorders

Multiple Sclerosis

A
  • disease of nerves in the brain and spinal cord
  • autoimmune

Signs/Symptoms

  • Random neurological symptoms
  • Visual, motor, sensory

Symptoms often increase with heat

23
Q

Nervous System Disorders

Alzheimer’s Disease

A

no cure
Most common cause of dementia

Signs/Symptoms

  • -Memory loss
  • -Confusion
  • Mood Changes
  • Difficulty speaking, swallowing, walking
24
Q

Nervous System Disorders

Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS)

A

Motor neuron disease
Unknown cause
Progressive and fatal

Signs/Symptoms

  • Stiff muscles, twitching, and weakness
  • Eventually inability to _speak, swallow, or breath
25
Q

Functions of Cranial Nerves

A 
CN I – Smell
CN II – Sight
CN III – Eye Movements
CN IV – Eye Movements
**CN V – Facial Sensation and chewing 
CN VI – Eye Movements
**CN VII – Facial Expression
CN VIII – Hearing and Balance
CN IX – Oral Sensation Taste and Salivation
**CN X – Parasympathetic Control
**CN XI – Shoulder Elevation and Head Rotation
CN XII – Tongue Movement
26
Q

Names of Cranial Nerves 1-12

O
O
O
T
T
A
F
V
G
V
A
H
A 
CN I – Olfactory
CN II – Optic
CN III – Oculomotor
CN IV – Trochlear
CN V – Trigeminal
CN VI – Abducens
CN VII – Facial
CN VIII – Vestibulocochlear
CN IX – Glossopharyngeal
CN X – Vagus
CN XI – Accessory
CN XII – Hypoglossal
27
Q

The Trigeminal Nerve has three main branches

what are the sub branches

A 
V1: Ophthalmic
-supraorbital
-supratrochlear
-nasal
V2: Maxillary
-zygomatic n
-infraorbital n
V3: Mandibular
-auriculotemporal n
-lingual n
28
Q

The Facial Nerve has 6 Branches

A 
Temporal Branch
Zygomatic Branch
Buccal Branch
Mandibular Branch
Cervical Branch
Occipital Branch
29
Q

The Vagus Nerve

  • where is it located
  • does it affect CNS, PNS, or ANS?
  • what happens if its triggered
A
  • travels down the abdominal cavity
  • ANS
  • drops blood pressure, most common cause of fainting
30
Q

Accessory nerve branches

A
  • greater auricular n -greater occipital n

- cervical Cutaneous n -smaller occipital n

Anatomy (11 decks)

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