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Anatomy > Integumentary System > Flashcards

Integumentary System Flashcards

1
Q

6 Functions of the Skin

A
  1. Protection
    Trauma, infection, pollutants, UV radiation
  2. Absorption
    Vitamins, acids, water, oxygen, lotions/creams, ointments
  3. Secretion
    Sweat, sebum
  4. Excretion
    Waste, toxins
  5. Temperature regulation
    Internal temperature of 98.6 F (37 C)
    Sweating, shivering, goosebumps, blood flow
  6. Site of sensory receptors
    Pain, pressure, temperature, touch
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2
Q

what is the epidermis most important function

what cells make up 90% of the epidermis

A

Protection- keeping insides in and outsides out

90% Keratinocytes

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3
Q

5 layers of the epidermis
which layers have blood supply
how does oxygen get to the outermost layers

A
  1. Stratum Corneum
  2. Stratum Lucidum
  3. Stratum Granulosum
  4. Stratum Spinosum -living cells, blood vessels in this layer and below
  5. Stratum Germinativum

*oxygen gets to top layers from outside air and some from Stratum Spinosum

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4
Q

what layer of the epidermis has fingerprints/epidermal ridges

A

Statum Lucidum

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5
Q

What parts of the body have the thickest Stratum Lucidum layers

A

Palms of hands and ball of the foot

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6
Q

Which layer of the epidermis is the toughest

A

Stratum Corneum- tightly packed keratinocytes

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7
Q

Which layer of the epidermis will you find the cells starting to die off

A

Stratum Granulosum

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8
Q

What is the main function of the Stratum Spinosum layer of the epidermis?

A

Helps prevent infection, has blood supply- white blood cells

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9
Q

Which layer of the epidermis contains melanocytes

A

Stratum germinativum

Aka: Stratum basale

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10
Q

what does sebum do for the skin

A
  • moisture barrier
  • maintains healthy ph (4.5-5.5)
  • protective barrier from environment- bacteria, other pathogens
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11
Q

Connective tissues in the dermis

A

Fibroblasts: produce collagen and elastic

Collagen: Provides strength, wound healing and scar formation

Elastin: Provides elasticity, stretch, prevents sagging but depletes overtime , it cannot be replaced

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12
Q

what are mast cells

A

they release histamines in response to allergies

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13
Q

What are the layers of the dermis

A

Papillary dermis

Reticular dermis

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14
Q

Papillary dermis

what receptors does it contain

A

Directly beneath epidermis
Rich in blood vessels and capillaries
Provide nutrients to upper layer
House sensory nerve endings called receptors

Pain receptors
Free nerve endings
Strong chemical peels

Thermoreceptors
Free nerve endings
Cold and heat (3 or 4 /1)

Mechanoreceptors
Stretching, compression, twisting

Tactile receptors
Gentle touch, pressure, vibration

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15
Q

Reticular Dermis

what does it contain

A

Lowest layer of the dermis
Contains the collagen and elastin fibers which give skin its strength and flexibility

Contains
Sudoriferous glands – Sweat
Sebaceous glands – Oil
Hair follicles
Lymph vessels
Arrector pili muscles

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16
Q

what are Sudoriferous glands

A

Sweat
Mixture of water, urea, electrolytes and lactic acid
Controlled by the nervous system

Coiled base with tube-like duct opening onto the skin’s surface
Sweat pore

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17
Q

what are Apocrine glands

A

Located under the arms, in the genitals and nipples

Associated with pores that contain hair follicles

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18
Q

what are Eccrine glands

A 
Eccrine glands
Throughout the entire body
Are not associated with pores that contain hair follicles
Thermoregulation
Large quantities of sweat
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19
Q

what are Sebaceous glands

A

sebum
Sebum mixes with secretions of sweat glands creating a layer of oil and moisture called the acid mantle

Protects skin from bacteria due to the acidic environment

20
Q

Hair follicles
where are they located
what does each hair follicle contain
how does it warm the body

A
  • all over except for the palms and soles
  • contains a arrector pilli muscle
  • muscle contracts and erects hair, pockets of air are trapped in between hairs to keep the epidermis warm (goosebumps)
21
Q

What is the subcutaneous layer

what does it contain

functions

A

Located beneath the dermis

Primarily composed of adipose
Tissue (fat) Also contains components of sweat glands and sensory nerves

Functions
Cushioning and shock absorption
Insulation
Energy source
Contour and shape to the body
22
Q

Types of Tissue in the skin

A 
Epithelial – Epidermis
Connective – Dermis
Collagen and elastin
Attach the dermis to subcutaneous tissue
Muscular – Muscle
Nerve – Nerves
Liquid – Blood and lymph
23
Q

Rate of skin cell formation, movement to the surface and shedding affected by

A 
Age
Sun exposure
Use of exfoliating agents
Treatments
Skin conditions

Cell turnover and metabolism slows down with age
Decreased in lipids and moisture in the epidermis
Dead skin cells remain on the surface longer

24
Q

What is exfoliation , different types

A

Removal of dead skin
Stratum corneum
Stimulates lower layers to replace the outer protective covering
Creates new skin cells at lower skin layers

Mechanical (Manual) Exfoliation
Using abrasive products such as a scrub

Chemical Exfoliation
Natural substances with other ingredients to cause a chemical reaction

25
Q

what is transdermal penetration

A

Process of absorption into the skin

26
Q

Factors that affect skin absorption

A

Condition of stratum corneum
Thicker in palms and soles = slower absorption

Hydration
More moisture in the skin = slower absorption

Oiliness of skin
More sebum = slower absorption

Size of product’s molecules
Larger = slower absorption

Temperature of skin
Extremely hot or cold = slower absorption

Pore size
Larger pores = faster absorption

27
Q

Primary Skin Lessions:

Macule
Wheal
Papule
Pustule
Vesicle
Nodule/tumor
Cyst
A

Macule- flat discolouration ex) freckle

Wheal- insect bite or allergic reaction ex) mosquito bite

Papule- Small elevation, usually inflammatory
Does not contain pus
Ex. Mole

Pustule- Small inflamed elevation
Contains pus
Ex. Acne

Vesicle- fluid filled elevation, blister

Nodule- solid mass within the skin

Cyst- sac containing liquid or semi-solid substance ex) lipoma

28
Q

Secondary Skin Lessions:

Crust
Excoriation
Scale
Scar
Fissure
Ulcer
A

Crust- dried remains of an oozing sore, scab

Excoriation- scratch

Scale- build up of dead skin tissue Ex. Psoriasis

Scar- permanent session from healing, usually from collagen

Fissure- deep cracks in skin

Ulcer- loss of portion of the dermis , common in diabetics

29
Q

Atopic Dermatitis
Contact Dermatitis
Seborrheic Dermatitis

A

Hereditary rash or inflammation of the skin ex) eczema

Allergic reaction or non-allergic irritation from contact with a substance

Form of eczema
Redness and scaly pinkish-yellow patches with an oily appearance

30
Q

Psoriasis

A

Inheritable disease
Thick, scaly, silvery skin patches
Often seen on elbows, knees back and scalp
Chronic

31
Q

hives are triggered by the release of ______ from _____ cells in the skin

A

histamines, mast cells

32
Q

Herpes simplex

1 and 2

A

Contagious viral infection
Transmitted when active lesion contacts uninfected skin
Contagious until the lesions completely dry up

Herpes Simplex 1
Cold sores

Herpes Simplex 2
Genital herpes -different viruses

33
Q

Herpes Zoster is also known as
what virus is it
where is it usually found on the body

A

Shingles
Reactivation of chickenpox virus
Ribcage

34
Q

Impetigo
is it contagious
what does it look like

A

Highly contagious bacterial infection

Honey-yellow, crusted lesion

35
Q

Infections:

Tinea

Tinea Corporis

Tinea Pedis

Tinea Unguium

A

Tinea
Ringworm
Contagious fungal disease
Red circular patch of blisters

Tinea Corporis
Torso, legs, arms

Tinea Pedis
Athletes foot

Tinea Unguium
Nails

36
Q

what are warts , cause, common contracted areas

A

Viral infections on the top layer of the skin caused by the Human Papilloma Virus ( HPV )

Commonly contracted in moist environments like showers and locker rooms

37
Q

Candida Albicans

A

Yeast infection on the skin

Thrive on moist surfaces and in folds of skin

38
Q

Sebaceous Gland Disorders:

cause of them

Boil
Carbuncle

A

Excess secretion of sebaceous glands

Furuncle or Boil
Painful infection of a hair follicle and adjacent subcutaneous tissue
Firm nodule with a central hard, pus-filled core

Carbuncle_
Group of boils

39
Q

Rosacea

A

Chronic inflammatory condition of the face
Small capillaries become dilated and inflamed
Superficial tissue becomes inflamed
on the nose, cheeks, chin
Often accompanied by red,
acne-type pustules

40
Q

Causes of acne

how do androgens cause it

A

Chronic inflammatory disorder of sebaceous glands
Hair follicles become plugged with sebum, dead skin cells and bacteria
Pus

Causes
Hormonal changes and genetics
 Stress                          
 Medications                           
Humid environments
Steroids
Skin friction or irritation
ALWAYS caused by excess androgen

When androgens are released, the follicle lining sheds cells more rapidly than usual and produces sebum at an increased rate
The pores become plugged and irritated and begins to swell
This irritates the follicle even more and blocks oxygen from entering, making it more prone to acne lesions

41
Q

Grades of acne

A

grade 1 - mild acne
Blackheads and white heads (open and close comedones)

grade 2 - Moderate acne
Increased number of open and closed comedones with occasional papule or pustule

grade 3 - Moderately severe acne
Numerous open and closed comedones, papules, pustules and occasional cysts

grade 4 - Severe acne
Numerous papules and pustules with large number of cysts on the face, chest and/or back
Deep scarring

42
Q

Sudoriferous Gland Disorders:

Bromidrosis
Anhidrosis
Hyperhidrosis
Milaria Rubra

A

Bromidrosis
Foul-smelling perspiration
Caused by yeast and bacteria that break down the sweat on the skin surface

Anhidrosis
Lack of perspiration

Hyperhidrosis
Excess perspiration

Milaria Rubra
Type of heat rash

43
Q

Pre-Malignant Skin Growths, chracteristics

A

Irregular in shape and border
Irregular colour
Shades of black, brown, red, blue or white
Often asymmetrical and >6mm in size (pencil eraser)

44
Q

Malignant Growths:

Basal cell carcinoma
squamous cell carcinoma
Melanoma

A 
Basal cell carcinoma
Translucent
Irregular borders
Tiny blood vessels running through
Typically sun-exposed areas

squamous cell carcinoma
Irregular, crusted, red papule
Sun-exposed areas

Melanoma
Most dangerous skin growth

45
Q

Pigment Disorders:

Albinism
Leukoderma
Vitiligo
Nevus
Lentigo
Post-Inflammatory Hyperpigmentation
A

Albinism
Failure of skin to produce melanin
Pale skin, white-blonde hair and
blue eyes

Leukoderma
Congenital lack of pigmentation
Partial or total loss of skin pigmentation
Often patches, spots or bands
Not progressive like vitiligo
Vitiligo                   
White patches caused by loss of
   pigmentation
Unpigmented areas often surrounded
   by hyperpigmented border
 ***Progressive

Nevus
Birthmark

Lentigo
freckles, multiply with sun exposure

Post-Inflammatory Hyperpigmentation
From trauma to tissues
Acne, burns, injury, rashes

46
Q

Intrinsic aging

Extrinsic aging

A

Intrinsic aging
Skins natural aging process

Extrinsic aging
Within individual’s control
Sun exposure, smoking, alcohol

Anatomy (11 decks)

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