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Integumentary System Flashcards

1
Q

6 Functions of the Skin

A
  1. Protection
    Trauma, infection, pollutants, UV radiation
  2. Absorption
    Vitamins, acids, water, oxygen, lotions/creams, ointments
  3. Secretion
    Sweat, sebum
  4. Excretion
    Waste, toxins
  5. Temperature regulation
    Internal temperature of 98.6 F (37 C)
    Sweating, shivering, goosebumps, blood flow
  6. Site of sensory receptors
    Pain, pressure, temperature, touch
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2
Q

what is the epidermis most important function

what cells make up 90% of the epidermis

A

Protection- keeping insides in and outsides out

90% Keratinocytes

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3
Q

5 layers of the epidermis
which layers have blood supply
how does oxygen get to the outermost layers

A
  1. Stratum Corneum
  2. Stratum Lucidum
  3. Stratum Granulosum
  4. Stratum Spinosum -living cells, blood vessels in this layer and below
  5. Stratum Germinativum

*oxygen gets to top layers from outside air and some from Stratum Spinosum

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4
Q

what layer of the epidermis has fingerprints/epidermal ridges

A

Statum Lucidum

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5
Q

What parts of the body have the thickest Stratum Lucidum layers

A

Palms of hands and ball of the foot

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6
Q

Which layer of the epidermis is the toughest

A

Stratum Corneum- tightly packed keratinocytes

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7
Q

Which layer of the epidermis will you find the cells starting to die off

A

Stratum Granulosum

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8
Q

What is the main function of the Stratum Spinosum layer of the epidermis?

A

Helps prevent infection, has blood supply- white blood cells

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9
Q

Which layer of the epidermis contains melanocytes

A

Stratum germinativum

Aka: Stratum basale

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10
Q

what does sebum do for the skin

A
  • moisture barrier
  • maintains healthy ph (4.5-5.5)
  • protective barrier from environment- bacteria, other pathogens
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11
Q

Connective tissues in the dermis

A

Fibroblasts: produce collagen and elastic

Collagen: Provides strength, wound healing and scar formation

Elastin: Provides elasticity, stretch, prevents sagging but depletes overtime , it cannot be replaced

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12
Q

what are mast cells

A

they release histamines in response to allergies

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13
Q

What are the layers of the dermis

A

Papillary dermis

Reticular dermis

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14
Q

Papillary dermis

what receptors does it contain

A

Directly beneath epidermis
Rich in blood vessels and capillaries
Provide nutrients to upper layer
House sensory nerve endings called receptors

Pain receptors
Free nerve endings
Strong chemical peels

Thermoreceptors
Free nerve endings
Cold and heat (3 or 4 /1)

Mechanoreceptors
Stretching, compression, twisting

Tactile receptors
Gentle touch, pressure, vibration

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15
Q

Reticular Dermis

what does it contain

A

Lowest layer of the dermis
Contains the collagen and elastin fibers which give skin its strength and flexibility

Contains
Sudoriferous glands – Sweat
Sebaceous glands – Oil
Hair follicles
Lymph vessels
Arrector pili muscles

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16
Q

what are Sudoriferous glands

A

Sweat
Mixture of water, urea, electrolytes and lactic acid
Controlled by the nervous system

Coiled base with tube-like duct opening onto the skin’s surface
Sweat pore

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17
Q

what are Apocrine glands

A

Located under the arms, in the genitals and nipples

Associated with pores that contain hair follicles

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18
Q

what are Eccrine glands

A 
Eccrine glands
Throughout the entire body
Are not associated with pores that contain hair follicles
Thermoregulation
Large quantities of sweat
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19
Q

what are Sebaceous glands

A

sebum
Sebum mixes with secretions of sweat glands creating a layer of oil and moisture called the acid mantle

Protects skin from bacteria due to the acidic environment

20
Q

Hair follicles
where are they located
what does each hair follicle contain
how does it warm the body

A
  • all over except for the palms and soles
  • contains a arrector pilli muscle
  • muscle contracts and erects hair, pockets of air are trapped in between hairs to keep the epidermis warm (goosebumps)
21
Q

What is the subcutaneous layer

what does it contain

functions

A

Located beneath the dermis

Primarily composed of adipose
Tissue (fat) Also contains components of sweat glands and sensory nerves

Functions
Cushioning and shock absorption
Insulation
Energy source
Contour and shape to the body
22
Q

Types of Tissue in the skin

A 
Epithelial – Epidermis
Connective – Dermis
Collagen and elastin
Attach the dermis to subcutaneous tissue
Muscular – Muscle
Nerve – Nerves
Liquid – Blood and lymph
23
Q

Rate of skin cell formation, movement to the surface and shedding affected by

A 
Age
Sun exposure
Use of exfoliating agents
Treatments
Skin conditions

Cell turnover and metabolism slows down with age
Decreased in lipids and moisture in the epidermis
Dead skin cells remain on the surface longer

24
Q

What is exfoliation , different types

A

Removal of dead skin
Stratum corneum
Stimulates lower layers to replace the outer protective covering
Creates new skin cells at lower skin layers

Mechanical (Manual) Exfoliation
Using abrasive products such as a scrub

Chemical Exfoliation
Natural substances with other ingredients to cause a chemical reaction

25
what is transdermal penetration
Process of absorption into the skin
26
Factors that affect skin absorption
Condition of stratum corneum Thicker in palms and soles = slower absorption Hydration More moisture in the skin = slower absorption Oiliness of skin More sebum = slower absorption Size of product’s molecules Larger = slower absorption Temperature of skin Extremely hot or cold = slower absorption Pore size Larger pores = faster absorption
27
Primary Skin Lessions: ``` Macule Wheal Papule Pustule Vesicle Nodule/tumor Cyst ```
Macule- flat discolouration ex) freckle Wheal- insect bite or allergic reaction ex) mosquito bite Papule- Small elevation, usually inflammatory Does not contain pus Ex. Mole Pustule- Small inflamed elevation Contains pus Ex. Acne Vesicle- fluid filled elevation, blister Nodule- solid mass within the skin Cyst- sac containing liquid or semi-solid substance ex) lipoma
28
Secondary Skin Lessions: ``` Crust Excoriation Scale Scar Fissure Ulcer ```
Crust- dried remains of an oozing sore, scab Excoriation- scratch Scale- build up of dead skin tissue Ex. Psoriasis Scar- permanent session from healing, usually from collagen Fissure- deep cracks in skin Ulcer- loss of portion of the dermis , common in diabetics
29
Atopic Dermatitis Contact Dermatitis Seborrheic Dermatitis
Hereditary rash or inflammation of the skin ex) eczema Allergic reaction or non-allergic irritation from contact with a substance Form of eczema Redness and scaly pinkish-yellow patches with an oily appearance
30
Psoriasis
Inheritable disease Thick, scaly, silvery skin patches Often seen on elbows, knees back and scalp Chronic
31
hives are triggered by the release of ______ from _____ cells in the skin
histamines, mast cells
32
Herpes simplex 1 and 2
Contagious viral infection Transmitted when active lesion contacts uninfected skin Contagious until the lesions completely dry up Herpes Simplex 1 Cold sores Herpes Simplex 2 Genital herpes -different viruses
33
Herpes Zoster is also known as what virus is it where is it usually found on the body
Shingles Reactivation of chickenpox virus Ribcage
34
Impetigo is it contagious what does it look like
Highly contagious bacterial infection | Honey-yellow, crusted lesion
35
Infections: Tinea Tinea Corporis Tinea Pedis Tinea Unguium
Tinea Ringworm Contagious fungal disease Red circular patch of blisters Tinea Corporis Torso, legs, arms Tinea Pedis Athletes foot Tinea Unguium Nails
36
what are warts , cause, common contracted areas
Viral infections on the top layer of the skin caused by the Human Papilloma Virus ( HPV ) Commonly contracted in moist environments like showers and locker rooms
37
Candida Albicans
Yeast infection on the skin | Thrive on moist surfaces and in folds of skin
38
Sebaceous Gland Disorders: cause of them Boil Carbuncle
Excess secretion of sebaceous glands Furuncle or Boil Painful infection of a hair follicle and adjacent subcutaneous tissue Firm nodule with a central hard, pus-filled core Carbuncle_ Group of boils
39
Rosacea
Chronic inflammatory condition of the face Small capillaries become dilated and inflamed Superficial tissue becomes inflamed on the nose, cheeks, chin Often accompanied by red, acne-type pustules
40
Causes of acne how do androgens cause it
Chronic inflammatory disorder of sebaceous glands Hair follicles become plugged with sebum, dead skin cells and bacteria Pus ``` Causes Hormonal changes and genetics Stress Medications Humid environments Steroids Skin friction or irritation ALWAYS caused by excess androgen ``` When androgens are released, the follicle lining sheds cells more rapidly than usual and produces sebum at an increased rate The pores become plugged and irritated and begins to swell This irritates the follicle even more and blocks oxygen from entering, making it more prone to acne lesions
41
Grades of acne
grade 1 - mild acne Blackheads and white heads (open and close comedones) grade 2 - Moderate acne Increased number of open and closed comedones with occasional papule or pustule grade 3 - Moderately severe acne Numerous open and closed comedones, papules, pustules and occasional cysts grade 4 - Severe acne Numerous papules and pustules with large number of cysts on the face, chest and/or back Deep scarring
42
Sudoriferous Gland Disorders: Bromidrosis Anhidrosis Hyperhidrosis Milaria Rubra
Bromidrosis Foul-smelling perspiration Caused by yeast and bacteria that break down the sweat on the skin surface Anhidrosis Lack of perspiration Hyperhidrosis Excess perspiration Milaria Rubra Type of heat rash
43
Pre-Malignant Skin Growths, chracteristics
Irregular in shape and border Irregular colour Shades of black, brown, red, blue or white Often asymmetrical and >6mm in size (pencil eraser)
44
Malignant Growths: Basal cell carcinoma squamous cell carcinoma Melanoma
``` Basal cell carcinoma Translucent Irregular borders Tiny blood vessels running through Typically sun-exposed areas ``` squamous cell carcinoma Irregular, crusted, red papule Sun-exposed areas Melanoma Most dangerous skin growth
45
Pigment Disorders: ``` Albinism Leukoderma Vitiligo Nevus Lentigo Post-Inflammatory Hyperpigmentation ```
Albinism Failure of skin to produce melanin Pale skin, white-blonde hair and blue eyes ``` Leukoderma Congenital lack of pigmentation Partial or total loss of skin pigmentation Often patches, spots or bands Not progressive like vitiligo ``` ``` Vitiligo White patches caused by loss of pigmentation Unpigmented areas often surrounded by hyperpigmented border ***Progressive ``` Nevus Birthmark Lentigo freckles, multiply with sun exposure Post-Inflammatory Hyperpigmentation From trauma to tissues Acne, burns, injury, rashes
46
Intrinsic aging | Extrinsic aging
Intrinsic aging Skins natural aging process Extrinsic aging Within individual’s control Sun exposure, smoking, alcohol

Anatomy (11 decks)

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