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Health Pro > Nervous System > Flashcards

Nervous System Flashcards

1
Q

Cephal/o

A

Head

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2
Q

Cerebr/i or Cerebr/o

A

Cerebrum

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3
Q

Chem/o

A

Chemistry

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4
Q

Dendr/o

A

Tree-like

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5
Q

Encephal/o

A

Brain

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6
Q

Glio

A

Glue

Glue-like

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7
Q

Gloss/o

A

Tongue

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8
Q

Hemi

A

Half

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9
Q

Mening/o

A

Meninges

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10
Q

Myel/o

A

Myelin sheath of fibers

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11
Q

Neur/i or Neur/o

A

Nerve

Nerve tissue

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12
Q

Polio

A

Grey matter

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13
Q

-tome

A

Section

Part

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14
Q

Central nervous system(CNS)

A

The brain and spinal cord

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15
Q

Peripheral nervous system(PNS)

A

All neural tissue outside the central nervous system

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16
Q

Somatic nervous system(SNS)

A

Division of the PNS that controls skeletal muscle contractions

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17
Q

Automatic nervous system(ANS)

A

Division of the PNS that is controlled subconsciously

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18
Q

Sympathetic nervous system(TNS)

A

Division of the ANS involved in the “fight-or-flight” response
(Thoracolumbar nervous system)

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19
Q

Parasympathetic nervous system

A

Division of the ANS involved in the “rest-and-digest” response
(Craniosacral nervous system)

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20
Q

Sensory function

A

Using receptors to detect changes and respond in order to maintain homeostasis

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21
Q

Special senses

A

The five senses of olfaction gustation, vision equilibrium, and hearing

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22
Q

Neurons

A

Nerve cells that send and receive nerve impulses

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23
Q

Cell body

A

The main part of a neuron

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24
Q

Axon

A

Nerve cell extension that carries impulses away from the cell body

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25
Q

Dentrities

A

Branched nerve extensions that carry impulses towards the cell body

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26
Q

Myelin

A

White, fatty substance that forms an insulating sheath around axons

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27
Q

Synapses

A

Sites when adjacent neurons communicate

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28
Q

Neurotransmitters

A

Chemical messengers between neurons or between neurons and muscles

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29
Q

Neuroglia

A

Supporting cells of the CNS and PNS

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30
Q

White matter

A

Regions in the CNS dominated by the myelinated axons

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31
Q

Gray matter

A

Regions in the CNS dominated by cell bodies, neurolgia, and unmyelinated axons

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32
Q

Central canal

A

Passageway in the spinal cord that contains cerebrospinal fluid

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33
Q

Cerebrospinal fluid(CSF)

A

Liquid that bathes the internal and external surfaces of the CNS

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34
Q

Cauda equina

A

Group of spinal nerves that resembles a horse’s tail extending below the distal end of the spinal cord

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35
Q

Plexus

A

Spinal nerve network

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36
Q

Dermatome

A

Area of skin supplied by a single pair of spinal nerves

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37
Q

Cerebrum

A

Largest portion of the brain that functions in reasoning, learning, sensory perception, and emotions

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38
Q

Cerebral hemispheres

A

Two symmetrical halves of the cerebrum

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39
Q

Corpus Callosum

A

Broad band of white matter connecting the cerebral hemispheres

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40
Q

Cerebral cortex

A

Outer layer of the cerebrum

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41
Q

Gyri

A

Elevated ridges o the brain surface

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42
Q

Sulci

A

Shallow depressions in the brain surface

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43
Q

Fissures

A

Deep grooves in the brain that separate Gyri

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44
Q

Cerebellum

A

Second largest region of the brain that functions to coordinate skeletal muscle activity and to maintain balance

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45
Q

Brainstem

A

Brain part remaining outside the cerebrum and cerebellum consisting of the midbrain, pens, medulla oblongata

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46
Q

Diencephalon

A

Brain part that contains the thalamus and hypothalamus and is the link between that cerebral hemisphere and the brainstem

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47
Q

Thalamus

A

Brain part that serves as a central relay station for incoming sensory impulses

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48
Q

Hupothalamus

A

Brain part that plays a role in homeostasis such as regulating body temperature and releasing hormones

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49
Q

Midbrain

A

Part of the brainstem that houses reflex centers associated with eye and head movements

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50
Q

Pons

A

Portion of the brainstem between the medulla and midbrain that serves as a relay station from the peripheral nerves to the brain

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51
Q

Medulla oblongata

A

Enlarged continuation of the spinal cord that contains important rep fez centers for the heart, blood vessels, and breathing

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52
Q

Meninges

A

Three membrane layers covering the brain and spinal column

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53
Q

Astro

A

Star-like

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54
Q

Dura mater

A

Tough, outermost membrane thy covers the brain and spinal cord

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55
Q

Arachnoid mater

A

Middle membrane that covers the brain and spinal cord

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56
Q

Pia mater

A

Delicate, innermost membrane that covers the brain and spinal cord

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57
Q

Epidural space

A

Space between the overlying bone and dura mater

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58
Q

Subdural space

A

Space between the dura mater and arachnoid mater

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59
Q

Subarachnoid space

A

Space between the arachnoid mater and pia mater, filled with CSF

60
Q

Ventricles

A

4 fluid filled chambers in the brain

61
Q

Cranial nerves

A

12 pairs of peripheral nerves originating at the brain that connect to the brain but not the spinal cord

62
Q

Cephalalgia

A

Pain in the head; headache

63
Q

Electroencephalograph (EEG)

A

Method of graphically recording the electrical activity in the brain

64
Q

Computed tomography (CT)

A

Imaging method that uses a computer to reconstruct the anatomical features obtained by X-ray

65
Q

Migraine

A

Recurrent, severe vascular headache

66
Q

Photophobia

A

Eye sensitivity to light

67
Q

Aura

A

Distinctive sensation that signals the onset of a migraine

68
Q

Antiemetic

A

Agent for preventing/relieving vomiting

69
Q

Concussion

A

Immediate loss of consciousness, orientation, or memory caused by head injury

70
Q

Amnesia

A

Loss of memory

71
Q

Coma

A

Prolonged state of deep unconsciousness

72
Q

Glasgow coma scale (GCS)

A

Scale used to asses the level of consciousness

73
Q

Brain contusion

A

Brain tissue bruise

74
Q

Paresis

A

Muscle weakness or slight paralysis

75
Q

Hemiparesis

A

Muscle weakness or paralysis on one side

76
Q

Epilepsy

A

Brain disorder resulting from an irregular electrical discharge as neurons

77
Q

Cerebral seizures

A

Recurrent convulsions with blank stares and temporary loss of awareness

78
Q

Generalized tonic-chronic seizure

A

Seizure characterized by collapse, loss consciousness, and intermittent muscle contractions and relaxations

79
Q

Parkinson’s disease (PD)

A

Disorder resulting from progressive degeneration of dopamine-producing neurons in the brain

80
Q

Transient ischemic

A

Brain disorder that’s not permanent resulting from blood flow interruption

81
Q

Stroke

A

Destruction of brain tissue due to the disruption of blood flow to a particular brain region

82
Q

What are all the names for a stroke?

A
  • cerebrovascular accident
  • stroke
  • brain attack
83
Q

Dysphasia

A

Difficulty in speaking and understanding written or spoken language as a result of brain injury

84
Q

Cerebral angiography

A

Mapping of the cerebral blood vessels using dye and x-rays

85
Q

Tissue plasminogenactivor (TPA or tPA)

A

Substance that dissolves blood clots

86
Q

Dementia

A

Loss of intellectual and cognitive functions while other brain functions are maintained

87
Q

Alzheimer’s disease (AD)

A

Degenerative brain disorder that causes a disabling dementia with an onset typically later in life

88
Q

Huntington chorea

A

Inherited form of dementia, comes with atrophy of particular brain regions
(Huntington disease)

89
Q

Glioma

A

Tumors composed of cells derived from neuroglia

90
Q

Astrocytoma

A

Tumor derived from astrocytes

91
Q

Oligodendroglioma

A

Tumor derived from oligodendrocytes

92
Q

Ependymoma

A

Tumor derived from ependymal cells

93
Q

Cerebral palsy (CP)

A

Group of motor function diseases present t birth or in infancy that may be the result of interrupted blood flow to the brain during fetal development, childbirth, or infancy

94
Q

Reye syndrome

A

Complex of symptoms with liver damage and brain dysfunction that occurs after a viral infection; has been linked to aspirin use

95
Q

Bell palsy

A

Paralysis of the muscles on one side of the face innervated by the facial nerve

96
Q

Trigemial neuralgia

A

Condition characterized by pain in parts of the face served by one or more branches of the trigemial nerve
Tic douloureux

97
Q

Sequela

A

Disorder that is caused by a preceding disorder in the same person

98
Q

Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS)

A

Fatal degenerative disease of the motor neurons marked by muscle weakness and atrophy
(Lou Gehrig disease)

99
Q

Multiple sclerosis (MS)

A

Autoimmune disorder that causes destruction of the myelin sheaths of neurons

100
Q

Vertigo

A

The sensation dizziness while not moving that causes loss of balance

101
Q

Sciatica

A

Pain in the lower back that radiates from the back of the thigh and down the leg

102
Q

Spina bifida

A

Congenital defect of incomplete vertebral closure that allows the spinal cord or meninges to protrude

103
Q

Spina bifida occulta

A

Incomplete fusion of the posterior arch of vertebrae

104
Q

Meningocele

A

Protrusion of the meninges through bone, forming a CSF-filled cyst

105
Q

Hydrocephalus

A

Accumulation of CSF on the brain

“Water on the brain”

106
Q

Encephalitis

A

Brain inflammation

107
Q

Lumbar puncture

A

Procedure using a needle inserted into the subarachnoid space of the lumbar region to remove CSF
(Spinal tap)

108
Q

Guillain-Barré syndrome

A

Acute symmetrical lower motor neuron paralysis of unknown cause

109
Q

Meningitis

A

Inflammation of the meninges

110
Q

Nuchal rigidity

A

Stiffness of the neck and impaired neck flexion as a result of a meningeal irritation

111
Q

Poliomyelitis

A

Severe infectious viral disease that inflames the gray matter of the spinal cord and sometimes leads to paralysis and muscle wasting
(Polio)

112
Q

What is the CNS protected by?

A
  • Meninges
  • Cerebrospinal fluid
  • Bones of the cranium and spinal column
113
Q

What it the PNS made of?

A

Spinal nerves(31 pairs) extending from the spinal cord and cranial nerves(12 pairs) which extend down from the brain

114
Q

What is the SNS made up of?

A

Ganglia on either side of the spinal cord which is divided in two parts/systems

115
Q

Which is system is at the very top of the spinal cord?

A

PNS

116
Q

Which system is at the bottom of the spinal cord?

A

ANS

117
Q

What are the three layers of meninges (listed from outermost to innermost)

A

Dura mater
Arachnoid mater
Pia mater

118
Q

Where is cerebrospinal fluid housed?

A

Arachnoid mater

119
Q

Which layer of meninges carries rich supply of blood to the brain?

A

Pia mater

120
Q

Brain begins to form on the ______ end of the tube ______ after contraception

A

Anterior

Four weeks

121
Q

How many fists makes a mass that’s the same size of an adult brain?

A

Two

122
Q

What does the brain feel like

A

Cold oatmeal

123
Q

How does the adult brain weigh?

A

Little more than three pounds

124
Q

How is the brain commonly discussed?

A

Four regions

125
Q

What are all the structures of the brain?

A

Brain
Sensory organs
Spinal cord
Nerves

126
Q

Olfactory nerves

A

Deals with smell (bring impulses from nose to brain)

127
Q

Afferent nerves

A

Sensory nerves that carry impulses to the CNS from sensory receptors

128
Q

Efferent nerves

A

Sensory nerves that carry impulses to the body from CNS

129
Q

Optic nerves

A

Brings impulses from eyes to the brain

130
Q

Oculomotor

A

Sends motor impulses to some external and internal eye muscles

131
Q

Trochlear

A

Sends motor impulses to one external muscle of each eye

132
Q

Trigeminal nerve

A

These can be divided into three branches; eyes, forehead, upper and lower jaw

133
Q

Abducens

A

Stimulate the muscle that turns the eyes to the side

134
Q

Facial nerve

A

Stimulate muscles, salivary glands, lacrimal glands, and the sensation of taste on the anterior 2/3 of the tongue

135
Q

Acoustic nerve

A

These nerves can be divided into two branches, concerned w/ hearing and balance

136
Q

Glossopharyngeal nerve

A

Stimulate the partoid glands, the sense of taste on the posterior 1/2 of the tongue and part of pharynx

137
Q

PLF

not actually medical acronym it’s only for the notecards

A

Pathology, Location, Functions

138
Q

PLF of Phrenic nerves

A

P: Respiratory paralysis

L: Cervical C1-C4

F: Diaphragm and muscles of the shoulder and neck

139
Q

PLF of Axillary nerves

A

P: Paralysis and atrophy

L: Brachial C5-C7

F: Deltoid

140
Q

PLF of radial nerves

A

P: Wrist drop

L: Brachial C5-C7

F: triceps and extensor of the forearms

141
Q

PLF of median nerves

A

P: Inability to pick of small objects

L: Brachial C5-C7

F: Flexor muscles of the arm and some hand muscles

142
Q

PLF of ulnar nerves

A

P: Claw hand

L: Brachial C5-C7

F: Wrist and many hand muscles

143
Q

PLF of femoral nerves

A

P: Inability to extend leg and flex hip

L: Lumbar L1-L4

F: Lower abdomen, buttocks, and thighs

144
Q

PLF of sciatic nerves

A

P: Inability to extend hip and flex knee. If other nerves in this plexus are effected, foot drop and shuffling gait may occur

L: Sacral L4-L5, S1-S4

F: Lower trunk and posterior surface of thigh and leg

145
Q

Vagus

A

Stimulate part of the pharynx, larynx, vocal cords and parts of the thoracic and abdominal viscera

146
Q

Spinal accessory

A

Stimulate the shoulder muscles

147
Q

Hypoglossal

A

Stimulate the muscles concerned with movements of the tongue

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