Nervous System Flashcards
1
Q
Cephal/o
A
Head
2
Q
Cerebr/i or Cerebr/o
A
Cerebrum
3
Q
Chem/o
A
Chemistry
4
Q
Dendr/o
A
Tree-like
5
Q
Encephal/o
A
Brain
6
Q
Glio
A
Glue
Glue-like
7
Q
Gloss/o
A
Tongue
8
Q
Hemi
A
Half
9
Q
Mening/o
A
Meninges
10
Q
Myel/o
A
Myelin sheath of fibers
11
Q
Neur/i or Neur/o
A
Nerve
Nerve tissue
12
Q
Polio
A
Grey matter
13
Q
-tome
A
Section
Part
14
Q
Central nervous system(CNS)
A
The brain and spinal cord
15
Q
Peripheral nervous system(PNS)
A
All neural tissue outside the central nervous system
16
Q
Somatic nervous system(SNS)
A
Division of the PNS that controls skeletal muscle contractions
17
Q
Automatic nervous system(ANS)
A
Division of the PNS that is controlled subconsciously
18
Q
Sympathetic nervous system(TNS)
A
Division of the ANS involved in the “fight-or-flight” response
(Thoracolumbar nervous system)
19
Q
Parasympathetic nervous system
A
Division of the ANS involved in the “rest-and-digest” response
(Craniosacral nervous system)
20
Q
Sensory function
A
Using receptors to detect changes and respond in order to maintain homeostasis
21
Q
Special senses
A
The five senses of olfaction gustation, vision equilibrium, and hearing
22
Q
Neurons
A
Nerve cells that send and receive nerve impulses
23
Q
Cell body
A
The main part of a neuron
24
Q
Axon
A
Nerve cell extension that carries impulses away from the cell body
25
Dentrities
Branched nerve extensions that carry impulses towards the cell body
26
Myelin
White, fatty substance that forms an insulating sheath around axons
27
Synapses
Sites when adjacent neurons communicate
28
Neurotransmitters
Chemical messengers between neurons or between neurons and muscles
29
Neuroglia
Supporting cells of the CNS and PNS
30
White matter
Regions in the CNS dominated by the myelinated axons
31
Gray matter
Regions in the CNS dominated by cell bodies, neurolgia, and unmyelinated axons
32
Central canal
Passageway in the spinal cord that contains cerebrospinal fluid
33
Cerebrospinal fluid(CSF)
Liquid that bathes the internal and external surfaces of the CNS
34
Cauda equina
Group of spinal nerves that resembles a horse's tail extending below the distal end of the spinal cord
35
Plexus
Spinal nerve network
36
Dermatome
Area of skin supplied by a single pair of spinal nerves
37
Cerebrum
Largest portion of the brain that functions in reasoning, learning, sensory perception, and emotions
38
Cerebral hemispheres
Two symmetrical halves of the cerebrum
39
Corpus Callosum
Broad band of white matter connecting the cerebral hemispheres
40
Cerebral cortex
Outer layer of the cerebrum
41
Gyri
Elevated ridges o the brain surface
42
Sulci
Shallow depressions in the brain surface
43
Fissures
Deep grooves in the brain that separate Gyri
44
Cerebellum
Second largest region of the brain that functions to coordinate skeletal muscle activity and to maintain balance
45
Brainstem
Brain part remaining outside the cerebrum and cerebellum consisting of the midbrain, pens, medulla oblongata
46
Diencephalon
Brain part that contains the thalamus and hypothalamus and is the link between that cerebral hemisphere and the brainstem
47
Thalamus
Brain part that serves as a central relay station for incoming sensory impulses
48
Hupothalamus
Brain part that plays a role in homeostasis such as regulating body temperature and releasing hormones
49
Midbrain
Part of the brainstem that houses reflex centers associated with eye and head movements
50
Pons
Portion of the brainstem between the medulla and midbrain that serves as a relay station from the peripheral nerves to the brain
51
Medulla oblongata
Enlarged continuation of the spinal cord that contains important rep fez centers for the heart, blood vessels, and breathing
52
Meninges
Three membrane layers covering the brain and spinal column
53
Astro
Star-like
54
Dura mater
Tough, outermost membrane thy covers the brain and spinal cord
55
Arachnoid mater
Middle membrane that covers the brain and spinal cord
56
Pia mater
Delicate, innermost membrane that covers the brain and spinal cord
57
Epidural space
Space between the overlying bone and dura mater
58
Subdural space
Space between the dura mater and arachnoid mater
59
Subarachnoid space
Space between the arachnoid mater and pia mater, filled with CSF
60
Ventricles
4 fluid filled chambers in the brain
61
Cranial nerves
12 pairs of peripheral nerves originating at the brain that connect to the brain but not the spinal cord
62
Cephalalgia
Pain in the head; headache
63
Electroencephalograph (EEG)
Method of graphically recording the electrical activity in the brain
64
Computed tomography (CT)
Imaging method that uses a computer to reconstruct the anatomical features obtained by X-ray
65
Migraine
Recurrent, severe vascular headache
66
Photophobia
Eye sensitivity to light
67
Aura
Distinctive sensation that signals the onset of a migraine
68
Antiemetic
Agent for preventing/relieving vomiting
69
Concussion
Immediate loss of consciousness, orientation, or memory caused by head injury
70
Amnesia
Loss of memory
71
Coma
Prolonged state of deep unconsciousness
72
Glasgow coma scale (GCS)
Scale used to asses the level of consciousness
73
Brain contusion
Brain tissue bruise
74
Paresis
Muscle weakness or slight paralysis
75
Hemiparesis
Muscle weakness or paralysis on one side
76
Epilepsy
Brain disorder resulting from an irregular electrical discharge as neurons
77
Cerebral seizures
Recurrent convulsions with blank stares and temporary loss of awareness
78
Generalized tonic-chronic seizure
Seizure characterized by collapse, loss consciousness, and intermittent muscle contractions and relaxations
79
Parkinson's disease (PD)
Disorder resulting from progressive degeneration of dopamine-producing neurons in the brain
80
Transient ischemic
Brain disorder that's not permanent resulting from blood flow interruption
81
Stroke
Destruction of brain tissue due to the disruption of blood flow to a particular brain region
82
What are all the names for a stroke?
- cerebrovascular accident
- stroke
- brain attack
83
Dysphasia
Difficulty in speaking and understanding written or spoken language as a result of brain injury
84
Cerebral angiography
Mapping of the cerebral blood vessels using dye and x-rays
85
Tissue plasminogenactivor (TPA or tPA)
Substance that dissolves blood clots
86
Dementia
Loss of intellectual and cognitive functions while other brain functions are maintained
87
Alzheimer's disease (AD)
Degenerative brain disorder that causes a disabling dementia with an onset typically later in life
88
Huntington chorea
Inherited form of dementia, comes with atrophy of particular brain regions
(Huntington disease)
89
Glioma
Tumors composed of cells derived from neuroglia
90
Astrocytoma
Tumor derived from astrocytes
91
Oligodendroglioma
Tumor derived from oligodendrocytes
92
Ependymoma
Tumor derived from ependymal cells
93
Cerebral palsy (CP)
Group of motor function diseases present t birth or in infancy that may be the result of interrupted blood flow to the brain during fetal development, childbirth, or infancy
94
Reye syndrome
Complex of symptoms with liver damage and brain dysfunction that occurs after a viral infection; has been linked to aspirin use
95
Bell palsy
Paralysis of the muscles on one side of the face innervated by the facial nerve
96
Trigemial neuralgia
Condition characterized by pain in parts of the face served by one or more branches of the trigemial nerve
Tic douloureux
97
Sequela
Disorder that is caused by a preceding disorder in the same person
98
Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS)
Fatal degenerative disease of the motor neurons marked by muscle weakness and atrophy
(Lou Gehrig disease)
99
Multiple sclerosis (MS)
Autoimmune disorder that causes destruction of the myelin sheaths of neurons
100
Vertigo
The sensation dizziness while not moving that causes loss of balance
101
Sciatica
Pain in the lower back that radiates from the back of the thigh and down the leg
102
Spina bifida
Congenital defect of incomplete vertebral closure that allows the spinal cord or meninges to protrude
103
Spina bifida occulta
Incomplete fusion of the posterior arch of vertebrae
104
Meningocele
Protrusion of the meninges through bone, forming a CSF-filled cyst
105
Hydrocephalus
Accumulation of CSF on the brain
| "Water on the brain"
106
Encephalitis
Brain inflammation
107
Lumbar puncture
Procedure using a needle inserted into the subarachnoid space of the lumbar region to remove CSF
(Spinal tap)
108
Guillain-Barré syndrome
Acute symmetrical lower motor neuron paralysis of unknown cause
109
Meningitis
Inflammation of the meninges
110
Nuchal rigidity
Stiffness of the neck and impaired neck flexion as a result of a meningeal irritation
111
Poliomyelitis
Severe infectious viral disease that inflames the gray matter of the spinal cord and sometimes leads to paralysis and muscle wasting
(Polio)
112
What is the CNS protected by?
- Meninges
- Cerebrospinal fluid
- Bones of the cranium and spinal column
113
What it the PNS made of?
Spinal nerves(31 pairs) extending from the spinal cord and cranial nerves(12 pairs) which extend down from the brain
114
What is the SNS made up of?
Ganglia on either side of the spinal cord which is divided in two parts/systems
115
Which is system is at the very top of the spinal cord?
PNS
116
Which system is at the bottom of the spinal cord?
ANS
117
What are the three layers of meninges (listed from outermost to innermost)
Dura mater
Arachnoid mater
Pia mater
118
Where is cerebrospinal fluid housed?
Arachnoid mater
119
Which layer of meninges carries rich supply of blood to the brain?
Pia mater
120
Brain begins to form on the ______ end of the tube ______ after contraception
Anterior
| Four weeks
121
How many fists makes a mass that's the same size of an adult brain?
Two
122
What does the brain feel like
Cold oatmeal
123
How does the adult brain weigh?
Little more than three pounds
124
How is the brain commonly discussed?
Four regions
125
What are all the structures of the brain?
Brain
Sensory organs
Spinal cord
Nerves
126
Olfactory nerves
Deals with smell (bring impulses from nose to brain)
127
Afferent nerves
Sensory nerves that carry impulses to the CNS from sensory receptors
128
Efferent nerves
Sensory nerves that carry impulses to the body from CNS
129
Optic nerves
Brings impulses from eyes to the brain
130
Oculomotor
Sends motor impulses to some external and internal eye muscles
131
Trochlear
Sends motor impulses to one external muscle of each eye
132
Trigeminal nerve
These can be divided into three branches; eyes, forehead, upper and lower jaw
133
Abducens
Stimulate the muscle that turns the eyes to the side
134
Facial nerve
Stimulate muscles, salivary glands, lacrimal glands, and the sensation of taste on the anterior 2/3 of the tongue
135
Acoustic nerve
These nerves can be divided into two branches, concerned w/ hearing and balance
136
Glossopharyngeal nerve
Stimulate the partoid glands, the sense of taste on the posterior 1/2 of the tongue and part of pharynx
137
PLF
| not actually medical acronym it's only for the notecards
Pathology, Location, Functions
138
PLF of Phrenic nerves
P: Respiratory paralysis
L: Cervical C1-C4
F: Diaphragm and muscles of the shoulder and neck
139
PLF of Axillary nerves
P: Paralysis and atrophy
L: Brachial C5-C7
F: Deltoid
140
PLF of radial nerves
P: Wrist drop
L: Brachial C5-C7
F: triceps and extensor of the forearms
141
PLF of median nerves
P: Inability to pick of small objects
L: Brachial C5-C7
F: Flexor muscles of the arm and some hand muscles
142
PLF of ulnar nerves
P: Claw hand
L: Brachial C5-C7
F: Wrist and many hand muscles
143
PLF of femoral nerves
P: Inability to extend leg and flex hip
L: Lumbar L1-L4
F: Lower abdomen, buttocks, and thighs
144
PLF of sciatic nerves
P: Inability to extend hip and flex knee. If other nerves in this plexus are effected, foot drop and shuffling gait may occur
L: Sacral L4-L5, S1-S4
F: Lower trunk and posterior surface of thigh and leg
145
Vagus
Stimulate part of the pharynx, larynx, vocal cords and parts of the thoracic and abdominal viscera
146
Spinal accessory
Stimulate the shoulder muscles
147
Hypoglossal
Stimulate the muscles concerned with movements of the tongue
