Nervous System Flashcards
Master controlling and communicating system of the body.
Nervous system
Means of communicating with the cells of the body in the nervous system?
Electrical impulses
3 Overlapping roles of the nervous system?
- Sensory Input
- Integration
- Motor Output
Allows motor output or movement?
Motor Output
Performs integration between the remaining body systems and collects the input it receives?
Integration
Made possible by receptors in the skin and organs?
Sensory input
Two classifications of the nervous system?
- Structural Classification
* Functional Classification
Divisions of the structural classification?
- Central Nervous
- System Peripheral
- Nervous System
Divisions of the functional classification?
- Sensory Division
* Motor Division
Alternative name for sensory division?
Afferent division
Alternative name for motor division?
Efferent division
Two types of cells that make up the nervous system?
- Nerons
* Neuroglia
Basic functional units of nervous system which conduct nerve impulses?
Neurons
Conduct nerve impulses?
Neurons
Supporting cells which protect and maintain neurons?
Neuroglia
Alternative name for neuroglia?
Glial cells
Fill spaces, provide structural framework, produce the fatty lipoprotein and carry phagocytsosis in the nervous system?
Glial Cells
Fatty protective wrapping around axons that serve as an insulator?
Myelin
Types of neuroglial cells in the CNS
- Microglial Cells
- Oligodendrocytes
- Astrocytes
- Ependymal Cells
Neuroglial cells in the PNS
Schwann Cells
Neuroglial cell which is star shaped and forms the blood brain barrier?
Astrocytes
Most abundant neuroglial cell?
Astrocytes
Glial cell which produces and circulates the cerebrospinal fluid?
Ependymal Cells
What does Ependymal cells produce?
Cerebrospinal fluid
Neuroglial cell which helps remove bacteria and cell debris from CNS
Microglia
Neuroglial cells which producr myelin sheaths in CNS?
Oligodendrocytes
Neuroglial cells which produce myelin sheaths in PNS?
Schwann Cells
Alternative name for neuron?
Nerve Fiber
Nerve cell that transmits information in a form of electromechanical changes called nerve impulses?
Neuron
A form of electromechanical changes which stimulate neurons?
Nerve impulses.
Parts of a neuron?
Dendrites Cell Body Axon
Alternative name for neuron cell body?
Soma
Receive information from other neurons and transmit impulses toward the cell body?
Dendrites
Contains the nucleus, receives the information and sends it to the axon?
Soma
Conducts impulses away from the cell body to other cells?
Axon
Portion of schwann cells which surround the myelin sheath?
Neurilemma
Alternative name for neurilemma?
- Neurilemmal sheath
* Sheath of Schwann
Necessary for the regeneration of the peripheral nerves.
Neurilemma
Narrow gaps between Schwann cells?
Nodes of Ranvier
Axons with myelin sheaths?
Myelinated
Form white matter in the CNS?
Myelinated
Axons without myelin sheaths?
Unmyelinated
Form gray matter in the CNS?
Unmyelinated
3 classifications of neurons?
- Multipolar Neurons
- Bipolar Neurons
- Unipolar Neurons
Group of nerve cell bodies located outside the brain and spinal cord?
Ganglia
Functional Classification of neurons?
- Sensory Neurons
- Interneurons
- Motor Neurons
Alternative name for sensory neurons?
Afferent neurons
Neurons which carry impulses from receptors to CNS?
Sensory Neurons
Neurons found only in the CNS, act as interpreters between afferent and efferent nerves?
Interneurons
Alternative name for interneurons?
- Association neurons
* Internuncial Neurons
Neurons that carry impulses from the CNS to the effectors?
Motor Neurons
Aggregated cell bodies of interneurons located within the CNS forming one nerve or a single tract?
Nuclei
When neuron is not carrying an electrical impulse?
Polarization
Carriers in the axon membrane that propel sodium out of the axon and potassium into the axon?
Sodium Potassium pump
Neuron membrane has a positive charge outside and a negative charge inside?
Polarization
Neuron membrane becomes very permiable to sodium ions, causing a depolarization of the cell?
Depolarization
Junction between any two communicating neurons?
Synapse
Parts of a synapse?
- Presynaptic Terminal
- Synaptic Cleft
- Postsynaptic Membrane of another Neuron
Space between two cells forming a synapse?
Synaptic Cleft
Process of crossing the synaptic cleft which usually is a one way process carried out by neutrotransmitters?
Synaptic Transmission
Biochemicals which undergo synaptic transmission?
Neurotransmitters
Neuron carrying the impulse into the synapse?
Presynaptic Neuron
Neuron that receives the input at the synapse?
Postsynaptic neurons
Located at the distal ends of the axons which contain membranous sacs called synaptic vesicles?
Synaptic knobs
Membranous sacs at the distal ends of the axons at the synaptic knobs?
Synaptic vesicles
Membranous sacs that release neurotransmitters?
Synaptic Vesicles
How many neurotransmitters have been identified?
about 50
Cheif neurotransmitter?
Acetylcholine
Neurotransmitter that controls skeletal muscle actions?
Acetylcholine
Neurotransmitter that creates a sense of feeling good?
- Norepinephrine
* Dopamine
Neurotransmitter that leads to sleepiness?
Serotonin
Bundle of peripheral neuron fibers that is surrounded by connective tissue?
Nerves
Contain long fibers of sensory neurons?
Sensory nerves
Made up of only long axons of motor neurons?
Motor Neurons
Fibers that are long chains of both sensory and motor neurons?
Mixed nerves
Automatic subconscious responses to change within or outside the body?
Reflexes
A pathway that nerve impulses travel when a reflex is elicited?
Reflex arc
Five essential parts of the reflex arc?
- Sensory receptors
- Sensory neurons
- Interneurons
- Motor Neurons
- Effectors
Part of the reflex arc which detects stimulus?
Sensory receptors
Part of the reflex arc which transmits impulses from receptors to CNS?
Sensory neurons
Part of the reflex arc which is located in the CNS and process stimulus?
Interneurons
Part of the reflex arc which transmits impulses from CNS to effector?
Motor neurons
Part of the reflex arc which perform its characteristic reflex?
Effector
Alternative name to knee jerk reflex?
Patellar tendon reflex
Reflex which helps maintain upright posture, stricking the patellar ligament initiates this relex?
Knee jerk reflex
Reflex that occurs when a person unexpectedly touches a body part to something painful?
Withdrawal reflex
Alternative name for withdrawal reflex?
Flexor reflex
Parts of the central nervous system?
Brain Spinal Cord
Layered membranes protecting the brain and spinal cord?
Meninges
Layers of the meninges?
- Dura Matter
- Arachnoid
- Matter Pia Mater
Parts of the meningeal space?
- Epidural Space
- Subdural Space
- Subarachnoid Space
Found between dura matter and skull/vertebral wall?
Epidural space
Found between dura matter and arachnoid matter?
Subdural space
Found between arachnoid and pia mater?
Subarachnoid space
Extensions of the dura matter?
- Falx Cerebri
- Falx Cerebelli
- Tentorium Cerebelli
Double layer of dura matter which separates the two hemispheres of the cerebrum?
Falx cerebri
Double layer of the dura mater which separates the two hemispheres of the cerebellum?
Falx cerebelli
Double layer of dura mater which separates the cerebrum from the cerebellum?
Tentorium cerebelli
Clear colourless liquid that protects the brain and spinal cord against chemical and physical injuries?
Cerebrospinal fluid
Total volume of cerebrospinal fluid?
80-150 mL
What secrets cerebrospinal fluid?
Choroid Plexuses
How does cerebrospinal fluid contribute to homeostasis
- Mechanical Protection
- Chemical Protection
- Circulation
Cavity Filled with cerebrospinal fluid within the brain?
Ventricles
Ventricle located in each hemisphere?
Right and left Ventricle
Narrow ventricle cavity along the midline superior to the hypothalamus and between the right and left halves of the brain?
Third ventricle
Ventricle that lies between the brain steam and the cerebellum
Fourth ventricle
The third and fourth ventricle is bound together by?
Cerebral aqueduct
Other name for cerebral aqueduct?
Aqueduct of Sylvius
Number of multipolar neurons in the brain?
100 billion
Weight of brain?
1.3 kg
4 major parts of the brain?
- Cerebrum
- Cerebellum
- Diencephalion
- Brainstem
Largest part of the brain?
Cerebrum
Little brain
Cerebellum
Part of the brain superior to the brain step?
Diencephalon
Part of the brain that extends down the spinal cord?
Brain stem
Known as the seat of intelligence?
Cerebrum
Largest and most superior part of the brain?
Cerebrum
Area of the brain responsible for consciousness
Cerebrum
The outer layer of the cerebrum is called?
Cortex
Divisions of the cerebrum?
Left and right hemisphere
Separate the left and right hemisphere?
Longitudinal fissure
Hemisphere of the brain which controls the right side of the body?
Left hemisphere
Hemisphere responsible for math, analytics and speech.
Left hemisphere
Hemisphere which controls the left side of the body?
Right hemisphere
Hemisphere responsible for music, art and abstract ideas?
Right hemisphere
Connects the left and right hemisphere of the brain?
Corpus callosum
Make up the diencephalon?
Thalamus Hypothalamus
Ridges located at the surface of the cerebrum separated by grooves?
Convolutions
Other name for convolutions of the cerebrum?
Gyri
Shallow grooves separating gyri in the brain?
Sulcus
Divides parts of the brain into lobes?
Sulcus
Deep grooves which divide the brain?
Fissures
Two fissures in the brain?
- Longitudinal fissure
* Transverse fissure
Part of the brain which controls voluntary motor function, aggression, moods and smell?
Frontal lobe
Part of the brain which evaluates sensory input?
Parietal lobe
Part of the brain which is associated with hearing, smell and memory?
Temporal
Part of the brain associated with vision?
Occipital
Part of the brain which is involved in rage, pain, pleasure and sorrow?
Limbic system
Part of the brain below the cerebrum?
Cerebellum
Where does the brain stem and cerebellum divide?
4th ventricle
Means little brain?
Cerebellum
Part of the brain which controls balance, body position, muscle tone, coordination of fine motor movements?
Cerebellum
Part of the brain located between the brainstem and cerebrum?
Diencephalon
Part of the brain which maintains homeostasis and regulates hunger, sleep, thirst, body temperature, water balance and blood pressure?
Hypothalamus
Part of the brain which acts as a central relay station for sensory impulses and the last part of the brain for sensory input before reaching the cerebrum?
Thalamus
Part of the brain which receives all impulses and forwards them to corresponding regions of the cortex for interpretation?
Thalamus
Bundle of connective tissue that connects the cerebrum to the spinal cord?
Brainstem
Components of the brainstem?
- Midbrain
- Pons
- Medulla Oblongata
How many segments of spinal nerves make up the spinal cord?
31.0
Two functions of spinal cord?
Location of reflex arc (thousands)
Slender nerve column that passes downward from the brain into the vertebral column?
Spinal cord
Length of spinal cord?
40-45 cm
Lies between the spinal cord and the pons, infront of cerebellum?
Medulla oblongata
Location of a large number of centers controlling heartbeat, breathing, blood pressure and home to reflex center?
Medulla oblongata
Latin word for bridge?
Pons
Assists the medulla oblongata in regulating breathing rate?
Pons
Contains reflex stations for visual, auditory and tactile repsonse?
Midbrain
Home of the reflex centers?
Medulla oblongata
Distal tapered ending of the spinal cord at the lower end of L1?
Conus medullaris
Where does the conus medullaris end?
L1
Latin word for horse tail?
Cauda equina
Collection of nerve fibers located at the end of the spinal column?
Cauda equina
Consists of all neurons outside the brain and spinal cord?
Peripheral nervous system
Collects input from the different sources an relays the input to the central nervous system and performs action?
Peripheral nervous system
Two divisions of the peripheral nervous system?
Somatic Autonomic
Consists of the cranial and spinal nerves that connect the central nervous system to the skin and skeletal muscles?
Somatic nervous system
Part of the peripheral nervous system which oversees conscious activities?
Somatic nervous system
Initiates nerve impulses after interactions with external stimuli
Receptors
Bring about a reaction to the stimuli?
Effectors
Barrier that separated the parenchyma of the central nervous system from blood?
Blood brain barrier
How many cranial nerves are there?
12 pairs
Enumerate the 12 cranial nerves
Olfactory, Optic, Oculomotor, Trochlear, Trigeminal, Abducens, Facial, Vestibulocochlear, Glossopharyngeal, Vagus, Accessory, Hypoglosal
Mnemonic for cranial nerves?
Oh Oh Oh To Touch And Feel a Very Good Vagina A Heaven!
Cranial nerve in charge of the sense of smell?
Olfactory nerve
Cranial nerve in charge of vision?
Optic nerve
Cranial nerve in charge of movement of eyeball and eyelid?
Oculomotor Nerve
Smallest of all cranial nerves?
Trochlear nerve
Cranial nerve in charge of movement of eyeball?
Trochlear nerve
Largest of all the optic nerves?
Trigeminal nerve
Three branches of trigeminal nerve?
- Opthalmic
- maxillary
- mandibular
Cranial nerve in charge of mastication?
Trigeminal nerve
Cranial nerve in charge of muscles of the eye?
Abducens nerve
Cranial nerve in charge of facial expressions?
Facial nerves
Cranial nerve in charge of hearing?
Vestibulocochlear nerve
Former names of vestibulocochlear nerve?
- Acoustic nerve
* Auditory nerve
Two branches of vestibulocochlear nerve?
Vestibular Cochlear
Cranial nerve in charge of taste and swallowing?
Glossopharyngeal nerve?
Cranial nerve in charge of coughing and voice production?
Vagus nerve
Also known as the wandering nerve?
Vagus nerve
The vagus nerve is also known as?
Wandering nerve
Cranial nerve in charge of mediating movement of the head and shoulders?
Accessory nerve
Cranial nerve in charge of speech and swallowing?
Hypoglossal nerve
Two branches of nerves from spinal cord?
Dorsal and ventral roots
Area of skin supplied by a single root of neve?
Dermatomes
How many pairs of spinal nerves are there?
31.0
How many cervical nerves are there?
8 pairs
How many thoracic nerves are there?
12 pairs
How many lumbar nerves are there?
5 pairs
How many pairs of sacral nerves are there?
5 pairs
How many coccygeal nerves are there?
1 pair
Part of the peripheral nervous system in charge of involuntary and automatic functions?
Autonomic nervous system
How many cells are utilise by autonomic nerve impulses?
2 motor neurons and one ganglion
Two divisions of autonomic nervous system?
- Sympathetic division
* Parasympathetic division
Division of the autonomic nervous system responsible for fight of flight response?
Sympathetic division
Division of the autonomic nervous system which is most active under ordinary, restful conditions. Counter balances the sympathetic division.
Parasympathetic division.
