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Anatomy and Physiology > Nervous System > Flashcards

Nervous System Flashcards

1
Q

Master controlling and communicating system of the body.

A

Nervous system

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2
Q

Means of communicating with the cells of the body in the nervous system?

A

Electrical impulses

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3
Q

3 Overlapping roles of the nervous system?

A
  • Sensory Input
  • Integration
  • Motor Output
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4
Q

Allows motor output or movement?

A

Motor Output

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5
Q

Performs integration between the remaining body systems and collects the input it receives?

A

Integration

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6
Q

Made possible by receptors in the skin and organs?

A

Sensory input

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7
Q

Two classifications of the nervous system?

A
  • Structural Classification

* Functional Classification

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8
Q

Divisions of the structural classification?

A
  • Central Nervous
  • System Peripheral
  • Nervous System
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9
Q

Divisions of the functional classification?

A
  • Sensory Division

* Motor Division

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10
Q

Alternative name for sensory division?

A

Afferent division

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11
Q

Alternative name for motor division?

A

Efferent division

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12
Q

Two types of cells that make up the nervous system?

A
  • Nerons

* Neuroglia

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13
Q

Basic functional units of nervous system which conduct nerve impulses?

A

Neurons

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14
Q

Conduct nerve impulses?

A

Neurons

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15
Q

Supporting cells which protect and maintain neurons?

A

Neuroglia

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16
Q

Alternative name for neuroglia?

A

Glial cells

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17
Q

Fill spaces, provide structural framework, produce the fatty lipoprotein and carry phagocytsosis in the nervous system?

A

Glial Cells

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18
Q

Fatty protective wrapping around axons that serve as an insulator?

A

Myelin

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19
Q

Types of neuroglial cells in the CNS

A
  • Microglial Cells
  • Oligodendrocytes
  • Astrocytes
  • Ependymal Cells
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20
Q

Neuroglial cells in the PNS

A

Schwann Cells

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21
Q

Neuroglial cell which is star shaped and forms the blood brain barrier?

A

Astrocytes

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22
Q

Most abundant neuroglial cell?

A

Astrocytes

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23
Q

Glial cell which produces and circulates the cerebrospinal fluid?

A

Ependymal Cells

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24
Q

What does Ependymal cells produce?

A

Cerebrospinal fluid

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25
Q

Neuroglial cell which helps remove bacteria and cell debris from CNS

A

Microglia

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26
Q

Neuroglial cells which producr myelin sheaths in CNS?

A

Oligodendrocytes

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27
Q

Neuroglial cells which produce myelin sheaths in PNS?

A

Schwann Cells

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28
Q

Alternative name for neuron?

A

Nerve Fiber

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29
Q

Nerve cell that transmits information in a form of electromechanical changes called nerve impulses?

A

Neuron

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30
Q

A form of electromechanical changes which stimulate neurons?

A

Nerve impulses.

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31
Q

Parts of a neuron?

A

Dendrites Cell Body Axon

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32
Q

Alternative name for neuron cell body?

A

Soma

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33
Q

Receive information from other neurons and transmit impulses toward the cell body?

A

Dendrites

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34
Q

Contains the nucleus, receives the information and sends it to the axon?

A

Soma

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35
Q

Conducts impulses away from the cell body to other cells?

A

Axon

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36
Q

Portion of schwann cells which surround the myelin sheath?

A

Neurilemma

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37
Q

Alternative name for neurilemma?

A
  • Neurilemmal sheath

* Sheath of Schwann

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38
Q

Necessary for the regeneration of the peripheral nerves.

A

Neurilemma

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39
Q

Narrow gaps between Schwann cells?

A

Nodes of Ranvier

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40
Q

Axons with myelin sheaths?

A

Myelinated

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41
Q

Form white matter in the CNS?

A

Myelinated

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42
Q

Axons without myelin sheaths?

A

Unmyelinated

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43
Q

Form gray matter in the CNS?

A

Unmyelinated

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44
Q

3 classifications of neurons?

A
  • Multipolar Neurons
  • Bipolar Neurons
  • Unipolar Neurons
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45
Q

Group of nerve cell bodies located outside the brain and spinal cord?

A

Ganglia

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46
Q

Functional Classification of neurons?

A
  • Sensory Neurons
  • Interneurons
  • Motor Neurons
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47
Q

Alternative name for sensory neurons?

A

Afferent neurons

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48
Q

Neurons which carry impulses from receptors to CNS?

A

Sensory Neurons

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49
Q

Neurons found only in the CNS, act as interpreters between afferent and efferent nerves?

A

Interneurons

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50
Q

Alternative name for interneurons?

A
  • Association neurons

* Internuncial Neurons

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51
Q

Neurons that carry impulses from the CNS to the effectors?

A

Motor Neurons

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52
Q

Aggregated cell bodies of interneurons located within the CNS forming one nerve or a single tract?

A

Nuclei

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53
Q

When neuron is not carrying an electrical impulse?

A

Polarization

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54
Q

Carriers in the axon membrane that propel sodium out of the axon and potassium into the axon?

A

Sodium Potassium pump

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55
Q

Neuron membrane has a positive charge outside and a negative charge inside?

A

Polarization

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56
Q

Neuron membrane becomes very permiable to sodium ions, causing a depolarization of the cell?

A

Depolarization

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57
Q

Junction between any two communicating neurons?

A

Synapse

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58
Q

Parts of a synapse?

A
  • Presynaptic Terminal
  • Synaptic Cleft
  • Postsynaptic Membrane of another Neuron
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59
Q

Space between two cells forming a synapse?

A

Synaptic Cleft

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60
Q

Process of crossing the synaptic cleft which usually is a one way process carried out by neutrotransmitters?

A

Synaptic Transmission

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61
Q

Biochemicals which undergo synaptic transmission?

A

Neurotransmitters

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62
Q

Neuron carrying the impulse into the synapse?

A

Presynaptic Neuron

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63
Q

Neuron that receives the input at the synapse?

A

Postsynaptic neurons

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64
Q

Located at the distal ends of the axons which contain membranous sacs called synaptic vesicles?

A

Synaptic knobs

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65
Q

Membranous sacs at the distal ends of the axons at the synaptic knobs?

A

Synaptic vesicles

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66
Q

Membranous sacs that release neurotransmitters?

A

Synaptic Vesicles

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67
Q

How many neurotransmitters have been identified?

A

about 50

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68
Q

Cheif neurotransmitter?

A

Acetylcholine

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69
Q

Neurotransmitter that controls skeletal muscle actions?

A

Acetylcholine

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70
Q

Neurotransmitter that creates a sense of feeling good?

A
  • Norepinephrine

* Dopamine

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71
Q

Neurotransmitter that leads to sleepiness?

A

Serotonin

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72
Q

Bundle of peripheral neuron fibers that is surrounded by connective tissue?

A

Nerves

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73
Q

Contain long fibers of sensory neurons?

A

Sensory nerves

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74
Q

Made up of only long axons of motor neurons?

A

Motor Neurons

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75
Q

Fibers that are long chains of both sensory and motor neurons?

A

Mixed nerves

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76
Q

Automatic subconscious responses to change within or outside the body?

A

Reflexes

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77
Q

A pathway that nerve impulses travel when a reflex is elicited?

A

Reflex arc

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78
Q

Five essential parts of the reflex arc?

A
  • Sensory receptors
  • Sensory neurons
  • Interneurons
  • Motor Neurons
  • Effectors
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79
Q

Part of the reflex arc which detects stimulus?

A

Sensory receptors

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80
Q

Part of the reflex arc which transmits impulses from receptors to CNS?

A

Sensory neurons

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81
Q

Part of the reflex arc which is located in the CNS and process stimulus?

A

Interneurons

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82
Q

Part of the reflex arc which transmits impulses from CNS to effector?

A

Motor neurons

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83
Q

Part of the reflex arc which perform its characteristic reflex?

A

Effector

84
Q

Alternative name to knee jerk reflex?

A

Patellar tendon reflex

85
Q

Reflex which helps maintain upright posture, stricking the patellar ligament initiates this relex?

A

Knee jerk reflex

86
Q

Reflex that occurs when a person unexpectedly touches a body part to something painful?

A

Withdrawal reflex

87
Q

Alternative name for withdrawal reflex?

A

Flexor reflex

88
Q

Parts of the central nervous system?

A

Brain Spinal Cord

89
Q

Layered membranes protecting the brain and spinal cord?

A

Meninges

90
Q

Layers of the meninges?

A
  • Dura Matter
  • Arachnoid
  • Matter Pia Mater
91
Q

Parts of the meningeal space?

A
  • Epidural Space
  • Subdural Space
  • Subarachnoid Space
92
Q

Found between dura matter and skull/vertebral wall?

A

Epidural space

93
Q

Found between dura matter and arachnoid matter?

A

Subdural space

94
Q

Found between arachnoid and pia mater?

A

Subarachnoid space

95
Q

Extensions of the dura matter?

A
  • Falx Cerebri
  • Falx Cerebelli
  • Tentorium Cerebelli
96
Q

Double layer of dura matter which separates the two hemispheres of the cerebrum?

A

Falx cerebri

97
Q

Double layer of the dura mater which separates the two hemispheres of the cerebellum?

A

Falx cerebelli

98
Q

Double layer of dura mater which separates the cerebrum from the cerebellum?

A

Tentorium cerebelli

99
Q

Clear colourless liquid that protects the brain and spinal cord against chemical and physical injuries?

A

Cerebrospinal fluid

100
Q

Total volume of cerebrospinal fluid?

A

80-150 mL

101
Q

What secrets cerebrospinal fluid?

A

Choroid Plexuses

102
Q

How does cerebrospinal fluid contribute to homeostasis

A
  • Mechanical Protection
  • Chemical Protection
  • Circulation
103
Q

Cavity Filled with cerebrospinal fluid within the brain?

A

Ventricles

104
Q

Ventricle located in each hemisphere?

A

Right and left Ventricle

105
Q

Narrow ventricle cavity along the midline superior to the hypothalamus and between the right and left halves of the brain?

A

Third ventricle

106
Q

Ventricle that lies between the brain steam and the cerebellum

A

Fourth ventricle

107
Q

The third and fourth ventricle is bound together by?

A

Cerebral aqueduct

108
Q

Other name for cerebral aqueduct?

A

Aqueduct of Sylvius

109
Q

Number of multipolar neurons in the brain?

A

100 billion

110
Q

Weight of brain?

A

1.3 kg

111
Q

4 major parts of the brain?

A
  • Cerebrum
  • Cerebellum
  • Diencephalion
  • Brainstem
112
Q

Largest part of the brain?

A

Cerebrum

113
Q

Little brain

A

Cerebellum

114
Q

Part of the brain superior to the brain step?

A

Diencephalon

115
Q

Part of the brain that extends down the spinal cord?

A

Brain stem

116
Q

Known as the seat of intelligence?

A

Cerebrum

117
Q

Largest and most superior part of the brain?

A

Cerebrum

118
Q

Area of the brain responsible for consciousness

A

Cerebrum

119
Q

The outer layer of the cerebrum is called?

A

Cortex

120
Q

Divisions of the cerebrum?

A

Left and right hemisphere

121
Q

Separate the left and right hemisphere?

A

Longitudinal fissure

122
Q

Hemisphere of the brain which controls the right side of the body?

A

Left hemisphere

123
Q

Hemisphere responsible for math, analytics and speech.

A

Left hemisphere

124
Q

Hemisphere which controls the left side of the body?

A

Right hemisphere

125
Q

Hemisphere responsible for music, art and abstract ideas?

A

Right hemisphere

126
Q

Connects the left and right hemisphere of the brain?

A

Corpus callosum

127
Q

Make up the diencephalon?

A

Thalamus Hypothalamus

128
Q

Ridges located at the surface of the cerebrum separated by grooves?

A

Convolutions

129
Q

Other name for convolutions of the cerebrum?

A

Gyri

130
Q

Shallow grooves separating gyri in the brain?

A

Sulcus

131
Q

Divides parts of the brain into lobes?

A

Sulcus

132
Q

Deep grooves which divide the brain?

A

Fissures

133
Q

Two fissures in the brain?

A
  • Longitudinal fissure

* Transverse fissure

134
Q

Part of the brain which controls voluntary motor function, aggression, moods and smell?

A

Frontal lobe

135
Q

Part of the brain which evaluates sensory input?

A

Parietal lobe

136
Q

Part of the brain which is associated with hearing, smell and memory?

A

Temporal

137
Q

Part of the brain associated with vision?

A

Occipital

138
Q

Part of the brain which is involved in rage, pain, pleasure and sorrow?

A

Limbic system

139
Q

Part of the brain below the cerebrum?

A

Cerebellum

140
Q

Where does the brain stem and cerebellum divide?

A

4th ventricle

141
Q

Means little brain?

A

Cerebellum

142
Q

Part of the brain which controls balance, body position, muscle tone, coordination of fine motor movements?

A

Cerebellum

143
Q

Part of the brain located between the brainstem and cerebrum?

A

Diencephalon

144
Q

Part of the brain which maintains homeostasis and regulates hunger, sleep, thirst, body temperature, water balance and blood pressure?

A

Hypothalamus

145
Q

Part of the brain which acts as a central relay station for sensory impulses and the last part of the brain for sensory input before reaching the cerebrum?

A

Thalamus

146
Q

Part of the brain which receives all impulses and forwards them to corresponding regions of the cortex for interpretation?

A

Thalamus

147
Q

Bundle of connective tissue that connects the cerebrum to the spinal cord?

A

Brainstem

148
Q

Components of the brainstem?

A
  • Midbrain
  • Pons
  • Medulla Oblongata
149
Q

How many segments of spinal nerves make up the spinal cord?

A

31.0

150
Q

Two functions of spinal cord?

A

Location of reflex arc (thousands)

151
Q

Slender nerve column that passes downward from the brain into the vertebral column?

A

Spinal cord

152
Q

Length of spinal cord?

A

40-45 cm

153
Q

Lies between the spinal cord and the pons, infront of cerebellum?

A

Medulla oblongata

154
Q

Location of a large number of centers controlling heartbeat, breathing, blood pressure and home to reflex center?

A

Medulla oblongata

155
Q

Latin word for bridge?

A

Pons

156
Q

Assists the medulla oblongata in regulating breathing rate?

A

Pons

157
Q

Contains reflex stations for visual, auditory and tactile repsonse?

A

Midbrain

158
Q

Home of the reflex centers?

A

Medulla oblongata

159
Q

Distal tapered ending of the spinal cord at the lower end of L1?

A

Conus medullaris

160
Q

Where does the conus medullaris end?

A

L1

161
Q

Latin word for horse tail?

A

Cauda equina

162
Q

Collection of nerve fibers located at the end of the spinal column?

A

Cauda equina

163
Q

Consists of all neurons outside the brain and spinal cord?

A

Peripheral nervous system

164
Q

Collects input from the different sources an relays the input to the central nervous system and performs action?

A

Peripheral nervous system

165
Q

Two divisions of the peripheral nervous system?

A

Somatic Autonomic

166
Q

Consists of the cranial and spinal nerves that connect the central nervous system to the skin and skeletal muscles?

A

Somatic nervous system

167
Q

Part of the peripheral nervous system which oversees conscious activities?

A

Somatic nervous system

168
Q

Initiates nerve impulses after interactions with external stimuli

A

Receptors

169
Q

Bring about a reaction to the stimuli?

A

Effectors

170
Q

Barrier that separated the parenchyma of the central nervous system from blood?

A

Blood brain barrier

171
Q

How many cranial nerves are there?

A

12 pairs

172
Q

Enumerate the 12 cranial nerves

A

Olfactory, Optic, Oculomotor, Trochlear, Trigeminal, Abducens, Facial, Vestibulocochlear, Glossopharyngeal, Vagus, Accessory, Hypoglosal

173
Q

Mnemonic for cranial nerves?

A

Oh Oh Oh To Touch And Feel a Very Good Vagina A Heaven!

174
Q

Cranial nerve in charge of the sense of smell?

A

Olfactory nerve

175
Q

Cranial nerve in charge of vision?

A

Optic nerve

176
Q

Cranial nerve in charge of movement of eyeball and eyelid?

A

Oculomotor Nerve

177
Q

Smallest of all cranial nerves?

A

Trochlear nerve

178
Q

Cranial nerve in charge of movement of eyeball?

A

Trochlear nerve

179
Q

Largest of all the optic nerves?

A

Trigeminal nerve

180
Q

Three branches of trigeminal nerve?

A
  • Opthalmic
  • maxillary
  • mandibular
181
Q

Cranial nerve in charge of mastication?

A

Trigeminal nerve

182
Q

Cranial nerve in charge of muscles of the eye?

A

Abducens nerve

183
Q

Cranial nerve in charge of facial expressions?

A

Facial nerves

184
Q

Cranial nerve in charge of hearing?

A

Vestibulocochlear nerve

185
Q

Former names of vestibulocochlear nerve?

A
  • Acoustic nerve

* Auditory nerve

186
Q

Two branches of vestibulocochlear nerve?

A

Vestibular Cochlear

187
Q

Cranial nerve in charge of taste and swallowing?

A

Glossopharyngeal nerve?

188
Q

Cranial nerve in charge of coughing and voice production?

A

Vagus nerve

189
Q

Also known as the wandering nerve?

A

Vagus nerve

190
Q

The vagus nerve is also known as?

A

Wandering nerve

191
Q

Cranial nerve in charge of mediating movement of the head and shoulders?

A

Accessory nerve

192
Q

Cranial nerve in charge of speech and swallowing?

A

Hypoglossal nerve

193
Q

Two branches of nerves from spinal cord?

A

Dorsal and ventral roots

194
Q

Area of skin supplied by a single root of neve?

A

Dermatomes

195
Q

How many pairs of spinal nerves are there?

A

31.0

196
Q

How many cervical nerves are there?

A

8 pairs

197
Q

How many thoracic nerves are there?

A

12 pairs

198
Q

How many lumbar nerves are there?

A

5 pairs

199
Q

How many pairs of sacral nerves are there?

A

5 pairs

200
Q

How many coccygeal nerves are there?

A

1 pair

201
Q

Part of the peripheral nervous system in charge of involuntary and automatic functions?

A

Autonomic nervous system

202
Q

How many cells are utilise by autonomic nerve impulses?

A

2 motor neurons and one ganglion

203
Q

Two divisions of autonomic nervous system?

A
  • Sympathetic division

* Parasympathetic division

204
Q

Division of the autonomic nervous system responsible for fight of flight response?

A

Sympathetic division

205
Q

Division of the autonomic nervous system which is most active under ordinary, restful conditions. Counter balances the sympathetic division.

A

Parasympathetic division.

Anatomy and Physiology (14 decks)

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