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Anatomy and Physiology > Endocrine System > Flashcards

Endocrine System Flashcards

1
Q

Cells that line glands?

A

Epithelial cells

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2
Q

Extract raw materials from capillaries and secret substances.

A

Glands

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3
Q

Two types of glands

A
  • Endocrine

* Exocrine

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4
Q

Glands that have ducts where secretions are discharged.

A

Exocrine glands

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5
Q

Glands that have no ducts, discharge secretions directly into the blood.

A

Endocrine glands

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6
Q

Secretions of endocrine glands?

A

Hormones

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7
Q

Have 2 distinct parts, each secreting its own hormones?

A

Double glands

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8
Q

Glands that have an endocrine and exocrine portion?

A

Mixed glands.

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9
Q

Glands that secrete more than one hormone?

A

Glands with multiple functions

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10
Q

Hormones secreted by one gland may stimulate other glands.

A

Interrelationship of Glands

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11
Q

A chemical that influences or controls the activity of a specific tissue or organ?

A

Hormones

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12
Q

Greek word for hormone?

A

Hormon

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13
Q

Meaning of hormon?

A

To set into motion.

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14
Q

Where are hormones secreted?

A

Blood stream via capillaries.

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15
Q

Two types of hormones?

A
  • Amino acid Base

* Steroid Base

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16
Q

Pass through plasma membrane and bind to receptors present in the cytoplasm?

A

Steroid hormones

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17
Q

Hormone that requires a primary and secondary messenger?

A

Amino acid base hormone

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18
Q

Adaptive response that dampens or cancels the change brought by stimulus.

A

Negative feedback

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19
Q

List the glands of the endocrine system

A
  • Pituitary gland
  • Pineal gland
  • Thyroid glad
  • Parathyroid gland
  • Pancreas
  • Adrenal gland
  • Gonads
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20
Q

Other name for pituitary glands?

A

Hypophysis

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21
Q

Organ that hangs by a stalk from the hypothalamus?

A

Pituitary gland

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22
Q

Where does the pituitary gland hang from?

A

Hypothalamus

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23
Q

Short stalk that supports the pituitary gland?

A

Infundibulum

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24
Q

Protects and houses the pituitary gland?

A

Sella Turcica

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25
Q

Diameter of pituitary gland?

A

1.2 cm

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26
Q

Known as the master gland of the endocrine system?

A

Pituitary gland

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27
Q

The part that controls the pituitary gland?

A

Hypothalamus

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28
Q

Regions of the pituitary gland?

A
  • Anterior pituitary gland

* Posterior pituitary gland

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29
Q

Alternative name for posterior pituitary gland?

A

Neurohypophysis

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30
Q

Hormones stored by the posterior pituitary gland?

A
  • Oxytocin

* Antidiuretic Hormone

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31
Q

Where is oxytocin and ADH produced?

A

Hypothalamus

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32
Q

Target tissue of oxytocin?

A

Uterus.

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33
Q

Increase contractions during labor, also stimulates release of milk.

A

Oxytocin

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34
Q

Alternative name for vasopressin.

A

Antidiuretic hormone

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35
Q

Target tissue of antidiuretic hormone?

A

Kidney

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36
Q

Stimulates the reabsorption of water from renal tubules, decreasing urinary output.

A

Antidiuretic hormones

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37
Q

Inability to produce ADH results in?

A

Diabetes insipidus

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38
Q

Alternative name for anterior pituitary gland?

A

Adenohypophysis

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39
Q

Produce trophic hormones that stimulate other endocrine glands to perform their function.

A

Anterior pituitary gland

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40
Q

Type of hormone produced by the anterior pituitary gland that stimulate other endocrine glands to perform their functions?

A

Trophic hormones

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41
Q

Hormones produced by the anterior pituitary gland?

A

Growth hormone Thyroid stimulating hormone Adrenocorticotropic hormone Gonadotropic hormone Prolactin Melanocyte stimulating hormone

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42
Q

Alternative name for growth hormone?

A

Somatotropin.

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43
Q

Hormone that stimulates growth of bones, muscles and organs?

A

Growth hormone

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44
Q

Target tissue of somatotropin?

A

Most cells

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45
Q

Effect of too much somatotropin?

A

Gigantism

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46
Q

Effect of too little somatotropin?

A

Pituitary dwarfism

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47
Q

alternative name for thyroid stimulating hormone?

A

Thyrotropin

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48
Q

Target tissue of thyrotropin?

A

Thyroid gland

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49
Q

Hormone that stimulates the growth of the thyroid and regulates the thyroid gland secretion?

A

Thyrotropin

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50
Q

Target tissue of adrenocorticotropic hormone?

A

Adrenal cortex

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51
Q

Hormone that stimulates the cortex of the adrenal gland to secrete its hormones?

A

Adrenocorticotropic.

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52
Q

Hormone produced after childbirth that initiates and maintains milk production ?

A

Prolactin

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53
Q

Two hormones that fall under gonadotropic hormones?

A
  • Luteinizing hormones

* Follicle Stimulating hormones

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54
Q

Target tissue of prolactin?

A

Mammary glands

55
Q

Target tissue of luteinizing hormones in females?

A

Ovary

56
Q

Responsible for ovulation and stimulates the follicle to develop into corpus luteum?

A

Female luteinizing hormones?

57
Q

Hormone that stimulates interstitial cells of the testes to secrete testosterone?

A

Male Luteinizing hormone

58
Q

Hormone that stimulates the formation of melanin pigment?

A

Melanocyte stimulating hormone

59
Q

Target cells of melanocyte?

A

Melanocyte stimulating hormones

60
Q

What controls the pituitary gland?

A

Hypothalamus

61
Q

Organ located between the thalamus, near the lower walls of the third ventricle of the brain?

A

Hypothalamus

62
Q

Part of the brain that helps regulate the body’s internal environment?

A

Hypothalamus

63
Q

Controls the anterior pituitary gland, aids in the production of hypothalamic-releasing and release-inhibiting hormones?

A

Hypothalamus

64
Q

What are the two types hypothalamic hormones?

A
  • Releasing Factors

* Inhibiting Factors

65
Q

What are the releasing factors of the hypothalamus?

A
  • Thyroid Releasing Hormones
  • Corticotropin Releasing Hormones
  • Prolactin Releasing Hormones
  • Gonadotropin Releasing Hormones
  • Somatotropin Releasing Hormones
66
Q

What are the inhibiting factors of the hypothalamus?

A
  • Prolactin Inhibiting Factor

* Somatotropin Inhibiting Factor

67
Q

Located in the front and sides of the trachea below the larynx?

A

Thyroid gland

68
Q

Consists of two lobes, left and right with a middle piece called the isthmus?

A

Thyroid gland

69
Q

Mid piece of the thyroid gland?

A

Isthmus

70
Q

Structural unit of the thyroid gland?

A

Thyroid Follicle

71
Q

What are the hormones produced by the thyroid follicle?

A

T4 and T3

72
Q

What is T4 produced by the thyroid follicles?

A

Thyroxine

73
Q

What is T3 produced by the thyroid follicles?

A

Triiodothyronine.

74
Q

Regulates energy production and protein synthesis?

A

T3 and T4 of thyroid.

75
Q

Chemical element necessary for the synthesis of Thyroxine and Triiodothyronine?

A

Iodine

76
Q

Result of hypertrophy of thyroid gland?

A

Simple goiter.

77
Q

Target tissue of calcitonin?

A

Bones

78
Q

Secreted when blood Ca levels are high, increases the buildup of bones?

A

Calcitonin.

79
Q

State of having high blood calcium levels?

A

Hypercalcemia.

80
Q

How many parathyroid glands are there?

A

4.0

81
Q

Where are the parathyroid glands?

A

Posterior to thyroid glands.

82
Q

Two lobes of the thyroid gland?

A

Left and Right Lobe

83
Q

Hormones produced by the parathyroid glands?

A

Parathyroid hormones

84
Q

Acts as an antagonist to calcitonin, causes calcium levels in blood to increase, while phosphate decreases by promoting bone breakdown and calcium retention?

A

Parathyroid hormone

85
Q

Target tissue of parathyroid hormones?

A

Bones, Kidneys, small intestines

86
Q

What organ increases calcium absorption when parathyroid hormones are released?

A

Small intestines.

87
Q

State of low blood calcium?

A

Hypocalcemia

88
Q

An organ with both endocrine and exocrine functions found near the duodenum?

A

Pancreas

89
Q

Exocrine function of the pancreas?

A

Manufactures pancreatic juice

90
Q

Endocrine function of pancreas?

A

Produce glucagon and insulin.

91
Q

What cells in the pancreas produce hormones?

A

Islets of Langerhans

92
Q

Two cells found in the Islets of Langerhans?

A

Alpha and Beta Cells

93
Q

Alpha cells produce?

A

Glucagon

94
Q

Beta cells produce?

A

Insulin

95
Q

Hormone released by the pancreas when blood is low?

A

Glucagon

96
Q

Glucagon breaks down what?

A

Glycogen into glucose.

97
Q

Target cell of glucagon?

A

Liver

98
Q

State of having low blood sugar?

A

Hypoglycemia

99
Q

Released when blood levels of glucose are high?

A

Insulin

100
Q

Target tissue of insulin?

A

Liver, skeletal muscles, adipose tissue

101
Q

Insulin does what?

A

Promotes use of glucose

102
Q

State of high blood glucose?

A

Hyperglycemia

103
Q

Disease with too little insulin?

A

Diabetes Mellitus

104
Q

Insulin dependent diabetes type?

A

Type 1

105
Q

Insulin independent diabetes type?

A

Type 2

106
Q

Gland found on top of the kidneys?

A

Adrenal glands

107
Q

Parts of the adrenal glands?

A

Adrenal Medulla Adrenal Cortex

108
Q

The adrenal medulla secretes what hormones?

A

Epinephrine Norepinephrine

109
Q

Hormones produced by the adrenal cortex?

A
  • Mineralcorticoids

* Glucocorticoids

110
Q

Alternative name of epinephrine?

A

Adrenalin

111
Q

Alternative to adrenalin?

A

Epinephrine.

112
Q

Alternative name for norepinephrine?

A

Noradrenalin

113
Q

Alternative name for noradrenalin?

A

Norepinephrine

114
Q

Target tissue of epinephrine and norepinephrine?

A

Heart, Blood vessels, Liver, Fat

115
Q

Most abundant mineralocorticoids?

A

Aldosterone

116
Q

Target tissue of aldosterone?

A

Kidneys

117
Q

Hormone that causes Na and H2O to be retained and K to be secreted by the kidneys?

A

Aldosterone

118
Q

Stimulates the release of aldosterone?

A

Sodium Deficiency, dehydration or elevated blood potassium.

119
Q

Cortisol is what type of hormone?

A

Glucocorticoid

120
Q

Increases the breakdown of fat and protein for energy use, also reduces inflammatory and immune response?

A

Cortisol

121
Q

Hormone which inhibits the secretion of FSH

A

Inhibin

122
Q

Inhibin in the testicles is produced where?

A

Sustentacular cells

123
Q

Located at the back of the third ventricle of the brain?

A

Pineal Gland

124
Q

Gland that produces melatonin?

A

Pineal Gland

125
Q

What hormone does the pineal gland produce?

A

Melatonin

126
Q

Hormone which controls puberty and circadian rhythm?

A

Melatonin

127
Q

What external factor affects melatonin?

A

Light

128
Q

Other hormone producing organs?

A

Stomach Kidney Placenta Small Intestine

129
Q

Hormone released by the stomach?

A

Gastrin

130
Q

Hormone released by the kidney?

A

Erythropoietin

131
Q

Hormones released by the placenta?

A

CRH and Human Chorionic Gonadotropin

132
Q

Hormones released by the small intestines?

A

Secretin Cholecystokinin Pancreozymin

133
Q

Hormone produced by the thymus?

A

Thymosin

134
Q

Hormone that promotes the immune system development and function?

A

Thymosin

Anatomy and Physiology (14 decks)

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