Digestive System Flashcards
Six chemicals required by our body?
- Carbohydrates
- Fats or Lipids
- Proteins
- Mineral Salts
- Vitamins
- Water
Enumerate the digestive functions?
- Ingestion
- Digestion
- Absorption
- Defecation
Process where food is taken in to the mouth?
Ingestion.
Two processes that occur within the mouth.
- Mastication
* Deglutition
Swallowing
Deglutition
Chewing
Mastication
Breaking up of large food molecules into smaller molecules for absorption?
Digestion.
Two types of digestion?
- Mechanical
* Chemical
Breaks large pieces into smaller pieces without altering their chemical attributes?
Mechanical Digestion.
Breaks food down into simpler chemicals by using enzymes.
Chemical digestion.
Passage of food products into blood or lymph capillaries.
Absorption.
Elimination of non digestable waste.
Defecation.
Most important division of the abdomen?
RLQ (appendix)
Most important addisons plane?
Epigastrium.
Cavity within hollow organs.
Lumen.
Lines abdominal pelvic cavities and covers most of abdominal pelvic organs.
- Parietal peritoneum
- Visceral peritoneum
- Peritoneal cavity
Lines wall of abdominal cavity?
Parietal peritoneum.
Serous membrane which covers organs.
Visceral peritoneum.
Space between parietal peritoneum and visceral peritoneum?
Peritoneal cavity.
Double layer of preitoneum.
Mesentery.
Retroperitoneal organs
- Adrenal glands
- Duodenum
- Pancreas
- Urinary bladder
- Ascending colon
- Rectum
Double layer of parietal peritoneum between parts of large intestine.
Mescolon.
Large layer of peritoneum between two organs.
Omentum.
Mesentery connecting greater curvature to transverse colon.
Greater omentum
Mesentery connecting lesser curvature to the liver and diaphragm.
Lesser omentum.
Ring of muscles that act as a valve?
Sphincter
Smooth contraction of muscles which move food along digestive track.
Peristalsis.
Contraction of small segments of bowel?
Segmentation.
Visceral layer of peritoneum that covers most abdominal organs and pelvic organs.
Serosa or serous layer
Produces movements of the tubes.
Muscular layer.
Part of the muscular layer which produces a shortening of tubes?
Outer longitudinal layer.
Part of the muscular layer which produces a contraction in diamater.
Inner circular layer.
Carries blood vessels and lymphatic nerves to lining membrane of tube.
Submucosa or submucous coat.
Adjacent to lumen and inner most layer of digestive tract?
Mucosa or mucous coat.
Two groups of organs which compose digestive system?
- Gastrointestinal tract
* Accessory digestive organs
Alternative name for gastrointestinal tract?
Alimentary canal or gut.
Contents of alimentary canal.
MouthPharynx Esophagus Stomach Small intestine Large intestine
Accessory organs
TeethTongue Salivary glads Liver Galbladder Pancreas
Starting point of digestion.
Mouth.
Space between cheeks and lips?
Vestibule
Chamber between palate and tounge?
Oral cavity.
Forms roof of mouth?
Palate.
Parts of hard palate.
- Palatine process
* Palatine bone
Separates oral cavity from nasopharynx.
Soft palate.
What prevents food from entering nasal cavity?
- Soft palate
* Uvula
Space between mouth and oral pharynx. Formed by the soft palate and palatine arches.
Fauces.
From soft palate to base of tongue?
Palatoglossal arch
From soft palate to the side of pharynx.
Palatopharyngeal arch
Between both palatine arches?
Palatine tonsils.
Reddish portion of lips.
Vermillion.
Muscular organ which mixes food.
Tongue
Tongue is covered in
Papillae
Tongue is made up of.
- Skeletal muscle
* Mucous membrane
Bears tastebuds
Papillae
Fives tastes
- Sweet
- Sour
- Salty
- Bitter
- Umami
3 muscles of tongue?
Intrinsic musclesExtrinsic muscles
Lingual frenulum
Changes shape of tongue.
Intrinsic muscles.
Connects skull to tongue and allows tongue to move?
Extrinsic muscles.
Found underneath the tongue?
Lingual frenulum.
How many primary teeth?
20
How many secondary teeth?
32
Alternative name for primary teeth?
Deciduous teeth
Alternative name for secondary teeth?
Permanent Teeth.
Process of chewing?
Mastication
Small mass of food that has been chewed?
Bolus
Center of the tooth?
Pulp cavity.
Cellular bonelike tissue surrounding pulp cavity?
Dentin
Hard acellular substance that covers dentin of the crown protecting it from abrasion and acid?
Enamel
Holds teeth in place?
Peridontal Ligament
Formed due to breakdown of enamel by bacterial acid?
Dental Caries
Alternative name for tooth decay?
Dental Caries.
Number of incisors?
8
Teeth for biting?
Incisors
Purpose of incisors?
Biting
Number of cuspids?
4.0
Alternative name for cuspids?
Canines
Function of cuspids?
Tearing
Tooth for tearing?
Cuspids
Number of bicuspids?
8.0
Alternative name for bicuspids?
Premolars
Number of molars?
12.0
Purpose of molars?
Crushing food
Tooth used for crushing?
Molars
How many salivary glands are there?
Parotid, Submandibular and Sublingual Glands
Alternative name for submandibular gland?
Submaxillary Gland
Largest salivary gland?
Parotid Gland
Gland that secretes amylase
Parotid Gland
Duct of the parotid?
Stensens’ Duct
Smallest of all the salivary glands?
Sublingual glands
Gland that secretes mucous?
Sublingual Glands
Gland that secretes a more viscourse fluid than the parotid gland?
Submandibular Gland
Duct of the submandibular glands?
Wharton’s Duct.
Rate of saliva released per day?
1 Liter per day
Components of Saliva?
Salivary Amylase, Mucus.
Enzyme that splits starch and glycogen molecules into disaccharides?
Salivary Amylase
Thick fluid that binds food particles and lubricates it for swallowing?
Mucus.
Length of pharynx?
5 inches
Cavity posteror to the mouth, connecting nasal, oral and larynx together?
Pharynx
3 parts of the pharynx?
Nasopharynx, Oropharynx, Laryngopharynx.
Blocks food from entering the nasal area?
Soft Palate
Blocks food from entering trachea?
Epiglottis
Region above trachea with epiglottis?
Glottis
Alternative name for esophagus?
Gullet
Muscular tube that extends from laryngeal part of the pharynx to stomach?
Esophagus
Length of esophagus?
10 inches
Landmarks of the esophagus?
C6 to T11
Two indentations of esophagus?
Aortic Knob and Left Bronchi
Name the two sphincters of the esophagus?
Pharyngoesophageal sphincter, gastroesophageal sphincter.
Rhythmic contraction of food down the digestive walls?
Peristalsis.
Alternative name for stomach?
Gaster
Collapsable reservoir for food?
Stomach
2 openings of the stomach?
Cardiac orifice, Pyloric Orifice.
Shape of stomach when empty?
J shaped
Persistaltic frequency?
3 to 4 waves per minute.
How long does the stomach take to empty?
2 to 6 hours.
Two sphincters of the stomach?
Cardiac sphicter, Pyloric Sphicter.
Alternative name for incisura angularis?
Angular notch
Alternative name for angular notch?
Incisura Angularis
Name the two stomach curvatures?
Greater and Lesser Curvature.
Which curvature is medially located?
Lesser Curvature
Which curvature is lateral?
Greater Curvature.
Three layers of the muscle?
Longitudinal, Circular and Oblique
Three parts of the stomach?
Fundus, Body and Pylorus.
Alternative name for rugae?
Gastric Folds
Alternative name for gastric folds?
Rugae
Name of the gastric glands in the stomach?
Pylorus gastric glands
What are the four types of stomachs?
Eutonic, Hypotonic, Cascade and Steerhorn.
Part of the stomach which lies above the cardiac opening?
Fundus
Located between the cardiac orifice and angular notch?
Body
Constructed area between the pyloric part of the stomach and the first or superior part of the duodenum?
Pylorus
Bubble of swallowed air in the stomach?
Gastric Bubble.
Folds that line the stomach?
Rugae
Cells that secrete mucus and prevents erosion of stomach.
Mucous Cells
Gland in the mucosal layer which secretes gastric juices?
Gastric Glands.
Mainly composed of pepsin and hydrochloric acid?
Gastric Juice
Digestive protein found in gastric juice?
Pepsin
Breaks down connective tissue of meat and activates gastric enzymes?
HCl
Peptide hormone which increases secretory activity of gastric glands?
Gastrin
Mixture of food and stomach acids?
Chyme
Sphincter that regulates the flow of food leaving the stomach?
Pyloric Sphicter.
When incisura angularis and pyloric canal are on the same level?
Eutonic
When incisura angularis is lower than pyloric canal?
Hypotonic
When incisura angularis is higher than the pyloric canal?
Steerhorn
When fundus is lower than the cardiac orifice?
Cascade
Most common body habitus?
Sthenic
Body is massive built with broad chests?
Hypersthenic
Stomach and galbladder are high and almost horizontal.
Hypersthenic
Chest cavity is narrow, diaphragm is low, gallbladder and stomach are also both near the midline.
Astthenic.
Slender build
Hyposthenic
Length of the small intestine?
20-23 feet
What supports the small intestine?
Fan shaped Mesentery
Parts of the small intestine?
Duodenum, Jejunum, Ileum
Duodenum means?
12 Fingers
Jejunum means
Empty
Ileum means?
Twisted
Duodenums length?
10 inches
C shaped path where head of pancreas lies?
Romance of the abdomen
Most fixed portion of the small intestine?
Duodenum.
Four parts of the duodenum?
Superior, Descending, Horizontal and Ascending.
Length of jejunum?
8 Feet
A suspensory ligament in the small intestine?
Angle of Treitz
Alternative name for angle of Treitz
Duodenojejunal Junction
Alternative name for Duodenojejunal Junction?
Angle of Treitz
The largest part of the small intestine?
Ileum
Length of Ileum
11 Feet
Extends from jejunum junction to the cecum?
Ileum
Opening between the terminal part of the ileum and the cecum?
Ileocecal Opening
Thickened layer of circular muscle at the ileocecal opening?
Ileocecal Sphicter
Lymph capilliaries within a villi?
Lacteals.
Microscopic finger like projections of the mucosal lining.
Villi
Each Villus contains?
Blood vessels and Lacteals
Also known as Peyer’s Patches?
Aggregated Lymph Follicles
Also known as Aggregated Lymph Follicles?
Payer’s Patch
Collection of lymphatic tissue in the mucosa of the small intestine?
Peyer’s Patch
Part where most numerous amount of aggregated lymph follicles are found?
Terminal Ileum
Single follicles of lymphatic tissue, also found in the lining of the small intestine?
Solitary Lymph Follicles
Located between bases of the villi?
Intestinal Glands
What are the layers of the small intestine?
Serosa, Muscularis, Submucosa, Mucosa
Layer of the intestine that releases serous fluild?
serosa
Function of intestinal serous fluid?
Keep intestine moist
Layer of the small intestine with longitudinal and inner circular layer of muscles?
Muscularis
Layer of the small intestine with loose connective tissue that is made of blood vessels and nerves?
Submuscosa
Layer of the small intestine that contains mucous membrane as well as digestive glands?
Mucosa
Where does fat get absorbed in the small intestine?
Lacteals
Length of the large intestine?
5 feet
Site for final absorption of water, and electrolytes from chyme?
Large intestine
Stores feces
Large Intestine
Produces Vitamin K and Vitamin D
Large Intestine
Segments of the large intestine?
Cecum, Colon, Rectum and Anal Canal
Dilated pouch like structure of the large intestine that hangs below the ileocecal opening?
Cecum
Houses the Vermiform Appendix?
Cecum
The Vermiform appendix is located in what quadrant?
Right lower quadrant
An appendage of the cecum with a hollow pencil like structure?
Vermiform appendix
Parts of the colon?
Ascending, Transverse, Descending and Sigmoid
Part of the colon that travels upwards?
Ascending Colon
2 Flexures of the colon?
Right Colic Flexure and Left Colic Flexure
Alternative names for the 2 flexures?
Hepatic and Splenic Flexure
Part of the colon that is almost horizontal?
Transverse colon
Longest most moveable part of the large intestine?
Transverse Colon
Part of the colon that goes down?
Descending Colon
S shaped part of the colon?
Sigmoid Colon
Length of the rectum?
4 to 5 inches
2 parts of the rectum?
Houston Valve and Rectal Column
Length of Anal canal?
2.5-4 cm
Parts of the Anal Canal?
Internal Anal Sphincter, External Anal Sphincter and Anus
Three bands of muscle fibers that pass lengthwise along the large intestine?
Teniae Coli
Saclike pouches in the wall of the large intestine created because of the puckering of the teniae coli?
Haustra
Lining membrane which secretes mucous in the large intestine?
Mucous Glands
Secretion of the large intestine?
Mucus
Function of mucus in large intestine?
pH Control, Binds Feces
Intestinal flora which breaks down some molecules?
Escherichia Coli
Name for intestinal gas?
Flatus
Determines the relative size, shape position, muscular tone and mobility of all organs?
Body Habitus
Two organs most affected by body habitus?
Stomach and Gallbladder
Two types of nutrients?
Micronutrients and Macronutrients
Parts of the pancreas?
Head, Body and Tail of the Pancreas.
Pancreatic cells which produce pancreatic juice?
Pancreatic Acinar Cells?
Mixture of digestive enzymes such as pancreatic amylase, trypsin and pancreatic lipas?
Pancreatic Juices
Some pancreatic enzymes?
Pancreatic Amylase, Trypsin, Pancreatic Lipase
Pancreatic enzyme which digests stach?
Pancreatic Amylase
Pancreatic enzyme which digests proteins?
Trypsin
Pancreatic enzyme which digests fat?
Pancreatic Lipase
Hollow tube that extends from tail through the body and head, and joins the common bile duct before the duodenum?
Pancreatic Duct.
Largest solid organ of the body?
Liver
Heaviest organ of the body?
Liver
Weight of liver?
3 Pounds
Coat of the liver?
Glisson’s Capsule
How many lobules make up the liber?
100000.0
Structural and functional unit of the liver?
Lobules
Located between the lobules?
Triads
Traids are composed of?
Hepatic Artery, Hepatic Portal Vein, Bile Duct
Brings oxygenated blood to the liver?
Hepatic Artery
Brings nutrients from the intestines to liver?
Hepatic Portal Vein
Takes bile away from liver?
Bile duct
Two major divisions of the liver?
Right and Left Lobe
Two minor lobes of the liver?
Caudate and Quadrate Lobe
Which lobe of the liver is larger?
Right lobe
What separates the lobes of the liver?
Falciform Ligament
A large phagocytic macrophages that remove bacteria or foreign particles that enter the blood in the portal vein.
Kuppfer Cells
Acts as the gatekeeper to the blood removing poisonous substances and stores glucose as glycogen?
Liver
What is stored in the liver?
Glycogen
Produces urea for breakdown of amino acids?
Liver
Produces bile which emulsifies fat in small intestine?
Liver
Emulsifies fat in small intestine
Bile
Stores iron, vitamin A, D, E and K
Liver
What cells secret bile in the liver?
Hepatic Cells
Composition of bile?
Water, Bile Salts, Bile Pigments, Cholesterol and Electrolytes
Two bile pigments
Bilirubin and Biliverdin
Function of Bile Pigments?
Breakdown products of hemoglobin.
Most abundant and only digestive substance in bile?
Bile Salts
Process of breaking fat globules into smaller droplets?
Emulsification
Muscular sac attached to liver, pear shaped?
Gallbladder
Function of gallbladder?
Stores Bile
Parts of Gallbladder?
Fundus, Body and Neck
Gallbladder shapes
Bilobed, Phygian Cap and Hourglass
A hormone responsible for the contraction of the gallbladder?
Cholecystokinin
Hormone that stimulates the production of bile?
Secretin
How bile exits liver?
Left or right hepatic duct
Name the two bile ducts of liver?
Right and Left Hepatic Duct
Right and Left Hepatic Duct join to form the?
Common Hepatic Duct
Bile is carried in and out of the gallbladder via?
Cystic Duct
Duct which brings bile to the duodenum?
Common Bile Duct
Pancreatic duct is also known as?
Duct of Wirsung
Duct of Wirsung connects to?
Common Bile Duct
Common exit of bile and pancreatic juices?
Hepatopancreatic ampulla
Alternative name for hepatopancreatic Ampulla
Ampulla of Vater
Alternative name for the Ampulla of Vater?
Hepatopancreatic Ampulla
Contains circular muscle fibers near the terminal opening of the ampulla of vater?
Hepatopancreatic Sphicter
Alternative name for the hepatopancreatic Sphincter?
Sphincter of Oddi
Alternative name for the Sphicter of Oddi?
Hepatopancreatic Sphincter
Alternative name for Feces?
Stool
Materials that were not digested?
Feces
Water make up of Feces
70-75%
Color of feces is dependent on
Bile pigments
Largest gland in the body?
Liver
Second largest organ?
Liver
