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Anatomy and Physiology > Digestive System > Flashcards

Digestive System Flashcards

1
Q

Six chemicals required by our body?

A
  • Carbohydrates
  • Fats or Lipids
  • Proteins
  • Mineral Salts
  • Vitamins
  • Water
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2
Q

Enumerate the digestive functions?

A
  • Ingestion
  • Digestion
  • Absorption
  • Defecation
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3
Q

Process where food is taken in to the mouth?

A

Ingestion.

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4
Q

Two processes that occur within the mouth.

A
  • Mastication

* Deglutition

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5
Q

Swallowing

A

Deglutition

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6
Q

Chewing

A

Mastication

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7
Q

Breaking up of large food molecules into smaller molecules for absorption?

A

Digestion.

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8
Q

Two types of digestion?

A
  • Mechanical

* Chemical

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9
Q

Breaks large pieces into smaller pieces without altering their chemical attributes?

A

Mechanical Digestion.

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10
Q

Breaks food down into simpler chemicals by using enzymes.

A

Chemical digestion.

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11
Q

Passage of food products into blood or lymph capillaries.

A

Absorption.

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12
Q

Elimination of non digestable waste.

A

Defecation.

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13
Q

Most important division of the abdomen?

A

RLQ (appendix)

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14
Q

Most important addisons plane?

A

Epigastrium.

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15
Q

Cavity within hollow organs.

A

Lumen.

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16
Q

Lines abdominal pelvic cavities and covers most of abdominal pelvic organs.

A
  • Parietal peritoneum
  • Visceral peritoneum
  • Peritoneal cavity
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17
Q

Lines wall of abdominal cavity?

A

Parietal peritoneum.

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18
Q

Serous membrane which covers organs.

A

Visceral peritoneum.

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19
Q

Space between parietal peritoneum and visceral peritoneum?

A

Peritoneal cavity.

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20
Q

Double layer of preitoneum.

A

Mesentery.

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21
Q

Retroperitoneal organs

A
  • Adrenal glands
  • Duodenum
  • Pancreas
  • Urinary bladder
  • Ascending colon
  • Rectum
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22
Q

Double layer of parietal peritoneum between parts of large intestine.

A

Mescolon.

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23
Q

Large layer of peritoneum between two organs.

A

Omentum.

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24
Q

Mesentery connecting greater curvature to transverse colon.

A

Greater omentum

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25
Q

Mesentery connecting lesser curvature to the liver and diaphragm.

A

Lesser omentum.

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26
Q

Ring of muscles that act as a valve?

A

Sphincter

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27
Q

Smooth contraction of muscles which move food along digestive track.

A

Peristalsis.

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28
Q

Contraction of small segments of bowel?

A

Segmentation.

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29
Q

Visceral layer of peritoneum that covers most abdominal organs and pelvic organs.

A

Serosa or serous layer

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30
Q

Produces movements of the tubes.

A

Muscular layer.

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31
Q

Part of the muscular layer which produces a shortening of tubes?

A

Outer longitudinal layer.

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32
Q

Part of the muscular layer which produces a contraction in diamater.

A

Inner circular layer.

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33
Q

Carries blood vessels and lymphatic nerves to lining membrane of tube.

A

Submucosa or submucous coat.

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34
Q

Adjacent to lumen and inner most layer of digestive tract?

A

Mucosa or mucous coat.

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35
Q

Two groups of organs which compose digestive system?

A
  • Gastrointestinal tract

* Accessory digestive organs

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36
Q

Alternative name for gastrointestinal tract?

A

Alimentary canal or gut.

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37
Q

Contents of alimentary canal.

A 
MouthPharynx
Esophagus
Stomach
Small intestine
Large intestine
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38
Q

Accessory organs

A 
TeethTongue
Salivary glads
Liver
Galbladder
Pancreas
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39
Q

Starting point of digestion.

A

Mouth.

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40
Q

Space between cheeks and lips?

A

Vestibule

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41
Q

Chamber between palate and tounge?

A

Oral cavity.

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42
Q

Forms roof of mouth?

A

Palate.

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43
Q

Parts of hard palate.

A
  • Palatine process

* Palatine bone

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44
Q

Separates oral cavity from nasopharynx.

A

Soft palate.

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45
Q

What prevents food from entering nasal cavity?

A
  • Soft palate

* Uvula

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46
Q

Space between mouth and oral pharynx. Formed by the soft palate and palatine arches.

A

Fauces.

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47
Q

From soft palate to base of tongue?

A

Palatoglossal arch

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48
Q

From soft palate to the side of pharynx.

A

Palatopharyngeal arch

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49
Q

Between both palatine arches?

A

Palatine tonsils.

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50
Q

Reddish portion of lips.

A

Vermillion.

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51
Q

Muscular organ which mixes food.

A

Tongue

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52
Q

Tongue is covered in

A

Papillae

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53
Q

Tongue is made up of.

A
  • Skeletal muscle

* Mucous membrane

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54
Q

Bears tastebuds

A

Papillae

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55
Q

Fives tastes

A
  • Sweet
  • Sour
  • Salty
  • Bitter
  • Umami
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56
Q

3 muscles of tongue?

A

Intrinsic musclesExtrinsic muscles

Lingual frenulum

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57
Q

Changes shape of tongue.

A

Intrinsic muscles.

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58
Q

Connects skull to tongue and allows tongue to move?

A

Extrinsic muscles.

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59
Q

Found underneath the tongue?

A

Lingual frenulum.

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60
Q

How many primary teeth?

A

20

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61
Q

How many secondary teeth?

A

32

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62
Q

Alternative name for primary teeth?

A

Deciduous teeth

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63
Q

Alternative name for secondary teeth?

A

Permanent Teeth.

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64
Q

Process of chewing?

A

Mastication

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65
Q

Small mass of food that has been chewed?

A

Bolus

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66
Q

Center of the tooth?

A

Pulp cavity.

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67
Q

Cellular bonelike tissue surrounding pulp cavity?

A

Dentin

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68
Q

Hard acellular substance that covers dentin of the crown protecting it from abrasion and acid?

A

Enamel

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69
Q

Holds teeth in place?

A

Peridontal Ligament

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70
Q

Formed due to breakdown of enamel by bacterial acid?

A

Dental Caries

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71
Q

Alternative name for tooth decay?

A

Dental Caries.

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72
Q

Number of incisors?

A

8

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73
Q

Teeth for biting?

A

Incisors

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74
Q

Purpose of incisors?

A

Biting

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75
Q

Number of cuspids?

A

4.0

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76
Q

Alternative name for cuspids?

A

Canines

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77
Q

Function of cuspids?

A

Tearing

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78
Q

Tooth for tearing?

A

Cuspids

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79
Q

Number of bicuspids?

A

8.0

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80
Q

Alternative name for bicuspids?

A

Premolars

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81
Q

Number of molars?

A

12.0

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82
Q

Purpose of molars?

A

Crushing food

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83
Q

Tooth used for crushing?

A

Molars

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84
Q

How many salivary glands are there?

A

Parotid, Submandibular and Sublingual Glands

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85
Q

Alternative name for submandibular gland?

A

Submaxillary Gland

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86
Q

Largest salivary gland?

A

Parotid Gland

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87
Q

Gland that secretes amylase

A

Parotid Gland

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88
Q

Duct of the parotid?

A

Stensens’ Duct

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89
Q

Smallest of all the salivary glands?

A

Sublingual glands

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90
Q

Gland that secretes mucous?

A

Sublingual Glands

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91
Q

Gland that secretes a more viscourse fluid than the parotid gland?

A

Submandibular Gland

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92
Q

Duct of the submandibular glands?

A

Wharton’s Duct.

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93
Q

Rate of saliva released per day?

A

1 Liter per day

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94
Q

Components of Saliva?

A

Salivary Amylase, Mucus.

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95
Q

Enzyme that splits starch and glycogen molecules into disaccharides?

A

Salivary Amylase

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96
Q

Thick fluid that binds food particles and lubricates it for swallowing?

A

Mucus.

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97
Q

Length of pharynx?

A

5 inches

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98
Q

Cavity posteror to the mouth, connecting nasal, oral and larynx together?

A

Pharynx

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99
Q

3 parts of the pharynx?

A

Nasopharynx, Oropharynx, Laryngopharynx.

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100
Q

Blocks food from entering the nasal area?

A

Soft Palate

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101
Q

Blocks food from entering trachea?

A

Epiglottis

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102
Q

Region above trachea with epiglottis?

A

Glottis

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103
Q

Alternative name for esophagus?

A

Gullet

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104
Q

Muscular tube that extends from laryngeal part of the pharynx to stomach?

A

Esophagus

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105
Q

Length of esophagus?

A

10 inches

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106
Q

Landmarks of the esophagus?

A

C6 to T11

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107
Q

Two indentations of esophagus?

A

Aortic Knob and Left Bronchi

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108
Q

Name the two sphincters of the esophagus?

A

Pharyngoesophageal sphincter, gastroesophageal sphincter.

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109
Q

Rhythmic contraction of food down the digestive walls?

A

Peristalsis.

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110
Q

Alternative name for stomach?

A

Gaster

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111
Q

Collapsable reservoir for food?

A

Stomach

112
Q

2 openings of the stomach?

A

Cardiac orifice, Pyloric Orifice.

113
Q

Shape of stomach when empty?

A

J shaped

114
Q

Persistaltic frequency?

A

3 to 4 waves per minute.

115
Q

How long does the stomach take to empty?

A

2 to 6 hours.

116
Q

Two sphincters of the stomach?

A

Cardiac sphicter, Pyloric Sphicter.

117
Q

Alternative name for incisura angularis?

A

Angular notch

118
Q

Alternative name for angular notch?

A

Incisura Angularis

119
Q

Name the two stomach curvatures?

A

Greater and Lesser Curvature.

120
Q

Which curvature is medially located?

A

Lesser Curvature

121
Q

Which curvature is lateral?

A

Greater Curvature.

122
Q

Three layers of the muscle?

A

Longitudinal, Circular and Oblique

123
Q

Three parts of the stomach?

A

Fundus, Body and Pylorus.

124
Q

Alternative name for rugae?

A

Gastric Folds

125
Q

Alternative name for gastric folds?

A

Rugae

126
Q

Name of the gastric glands in the stomach?

A

Pylorus gastric glands

127
Q

What are the four types of stomachs?

A

Eutonic, Hypotonic, Cascade and Steerhorn.

128
Q

Part of the stomach which lies above the cardiac opening?

A

Fundus

129
Q

Located between the cardiac orifice and angular notch?

A

Body

130
Q

Constructed area between the pyloric part of the stomach and the first or superior part of the duodenum?

A

Pylorus

131
Q

Bubble of swallowed air in the stomach?

A

Gastric Bubble.

132
Q

Folds that line the stomach?

A

Rugae

133
Q

Cells that secrete mucus and prevents erosion of stomach.

A

Mucous Cells

134
Q

Gland in the mucosal layer which secretes gastric juices?

A

Gastric Glands.

135
Q

Mainly composed of pepsin and hydrochloric acid?

A

Gastric Juice

136
Q

Digestive protein found in gastric juice?

A

Pepsin

137
Q

Breaks down connective tissue of meat and activates gastric enzymes?

A

HCl

138
Q

Peptide hormone which increases secretory activity of gastric glands?

A

Gastrin

139
Q

Mixture of food and stomach acids?

A

Chyme

140
Q

Sphincter that regulates the flow of food leaving the stomach?

A

Pyloric Sphicter.

141
Q

When incisura angularis and pyloric canal are on the same level?

A

Eutonic

142
Q

When incisura angularis is lower than pyloric canal?

A

Hypotonic

143
Q

When incisura angularis is higher than the pyloric canal?

A

Steerhorn

144
Q

When fundus is lower than the cardiac orifice?

A

Cascade

145
Q

Most common body habitus?

A

Sthenic

146
Q

Body is massive built with broad chests?

A

Hypersthenic

147
Q

Stomach and galbladder are high and almost horizontal.

A

Hypersthenic

148
Q

Chest cavity is narrow, diaphragm is low, gallbladder and stomach are also both near the midline.

A

Astthenic.

149
Q

Slender build

A

Hyposthenic

150
Q

Length of the small intestine?

A

20-23 feet

151
Q

What supports the small intestine?

A

Fan shaped Mesentery

152
Q

Parts of the small intestine?

A

Duodenum, Jejunum, Ileum

153
Q

Duodenum means?

A

12 Fingers

154
Q

Jejunum means

A

Empty

155
Q

Ileum means?

A

Twisted

156
Q

Duodenums length?

A

10 inches

157
Q

C shaped path where head of pancreas lies?

A

Romance of the abdomen

158
Q

Most fixed portion of the small intestine?

A

Duodenum.

159
Q

Four parts of the duodenum?

A

Superior, Descending, Horizontal and Ascending.

160
Q

Length of jejunum?

A

8 Feet

161
Q

A suspensory ligament in the small intestine?

A

Angle of Treitz

162
Q

Alternative name for angle of Treitz

A

Duodenojejunal Junction

163
Q

Alternative name for Duodenojejunal Junction?

A

Angle of Treitz

164
Q

The largest part of the small intestine?

A

Ileum

165
Q

Length of Ileum

A

11 Feet

166
Q

Extends from jejunum junction to the cecum?

A

Ileum

167
Q

Opening between the terminal part of the ileum and the cecum?

A

Ileocecal Opening

168
Q

Thickened layer of circular muscle at the ileocecal opening?

A

Ileocecal Sphicter

169
Q

Lymph capilliaries within a villi?

A

Lacteals.

170
Q

Microscopic finger like projections of the mucosal lining.

A

Villi

171
Q

Each Villus contains?

A

Blood vessels and Lacteals

172
Q

Also known as Peyer’s Patches?

A

Aggregated Lymph Follicles

173
Q

Also known as Aggregated Lymph Follicles?

A

Payer’s Patch

174
Q

Collection of lymphatic tissue in the mucosa of the small intestine?

A

Peyer’s Patch

175
Q

Part where most numerous amount of aggregated lymph follicles are found?

A

Terminal Ileum

176
Q

Single follicles of lymphatic tissue, also found in the lining of the small intestine?

A

Solitary Lymph Follicles

177
Q

Located between bases of the villi?

A

Intestinal Glands

178
Q

What are the layers of the small intestine?

A

Serosa, Muscularis, Submucosa, Mucosa

179
Q

Layer of the intestine that releases serous fluild?

A

serosa

180
Q

Function of intestinal serous fluid?

A

Keep intestine moist

181
Q

Layer of the small intestine with longitudinal and inner circular layer of muscles?

A

Muscularis

182
Q

Layer of the small intestine with loose connective tissue that is made of blood vessels and nerves?

A

Submuscosa

183
Q

Layer of the small intestine that contains mucous membrane as well as digestive glands?

A

Mucosa

184
Q

Where does fat get absorbed in the small intestine?

A

Lacteals

185
Q

Length of the large intestine?

A

5 feet

186
Q

Site for final absorption of water, and electrolytes from chyme?

A

Large intestine

187
Q

Stores feces

A

Large Intestine

188
Q

Produces Vitamin K and Vitamin D

A

Large Intestine

189
Q

Segments of the large intestine?

A

Cecum, Colon, Rectum and Anal Canal

190
Q

Dilated pouch like structure of the large intestine that hangs below the ileocecal opening?

A

Cecum

191
Q

Houses the Vermiform Appendix?

A

Cecum

192
Q

The Vermiform appendix is located in what quadrant?

A

Right lower quadrant

193
Q

An appendage of the cecum with a hollow pencil like structure?

A

Vermiform appendix

194
Q

Parts of the colon?

A

Ascending, Transverse, Descending and Sigmoid

195
Q

Part of the colon that travels upwards?

A

Ascending Colon

196
Q

2 Flexures of the colon?

A

Right Colic Flexure and Left Colic Flexure

197
Q

Alternative names for the 2 flexures?

A

Hepatic and Splenic Flexure

198
Q

Part of the colon that is almost horizontal?

A

Transverse colon

199
Q

Longest most moveable part of the large intestine?

A

Transverse Colon

200
Q

Part of the colon that goes down?

A

Descending Colon

201
Q

S shaped part of the colon?

A

Sigmoid Colon

202
Q

Length of the rectum?

A

4 to 5 inches

203
Q

2 parts of the rectum?

A

Houston Valve and Rectal Column

204
Q

Length of Anal canal?

A

2.5-4 cm

205
Q

Parts of the Anal Canal?

A

Internal Anal Sphincter, External Anal Sphincter and Anus

206
Q

Three bands of muscle fibers that pass lengthwise along the large intestine?

A

Teniae Coli

207
Q

Saclike pouches in the wall of the large intestine created because of the puckering of the teniae coli?

A

Haustra

208
Q

Lining membrane which secretes mucous in the large intestine?

A

Mucous Glands

209
Q

Secretion of the large intestine?

A

Mucus

210
Q

Function of mucus in large intestine?

A

pH Control, Binds Feces

211
Q

Intestinal flora which breaks down some molecules?

A

Escherichia Coli

212
Q

Name for intestinal gas?

A

Flatus

213
Q

Determines the relative size, shape position, muscular tone and mobility of all organs?

A

Body Habitus

214
Q

Two organs most affected by body habitus?

A

Stomach and Gallbladder

215
Q

Two types of nutrients?

A

Micronutrients and Macronutrients

216
Q

Parts of the pancreas?

A

Head, Body and Tail of the Pancreas.

217
Q

Pancreatic cells which produce pancreatic juice?

A

Pancreatic Acinar Cells?

218
Q

Mixture of digestive enzymes such as pancreatic amylase, trypsin and pancreatic lipas?

A

Pancreatic Juices

219
Q

Some pancreatic enzymes?

A

Pancreatic Amylase, Trypsin, Pancreatic Lipase

220
Q

Pancreatic enzyme which digests stach?

A

Pancreatic Amylase

221
Q

Pancreatic enzyme which digests proteins?

A

Trypsin

222
Q

Pancreatic enzyme which digests fat?

A

Pancreatic Lipase

223
Q

Hollow tube that extends from tail through the body and head, and joins the common bile duct before the duodenum?

A

Pancreatic Duct.

224
Q

Largest solid organ of the body?

A

Liver

225
Q

Heaviest organ of the body?

A

Liver

226
Q

Weight of liver?

A

3 Pounds

227
Q

Coat of the liver?

A

Glisson’s Capsule

228
Q

How many lobules make up the liber?

A

100000.0

229
Q

Structural and functional unit of the liver?

A

Lobules

230
Q

Located between the lobules?

A

Triads

231
Q

Traids are composed of?

A

Hepatic Artery, Hepatic Portal Vein, Bile Duct

232
Q

Brings oxygenated blood to the liver?

A

Hepatic Artery

233
Q

Brings nutrients from the intestines to liver?

A

Hepatic Portal Vein

234
Q

Takes bile away from liver?

A

Bile duct

235
Q

Two major divisions of the liver?

A

Right and Left Lobe

236
Q

Two minor lobes of the liver?

A

Caudate and Quadrate Lobe

237
Q

Which lobe of the liver is larger?

A

Right lobe

238
Q

What separates the lobes of the liver?

A

Falciform Ligament

239
Q

A large phagocytic macrophages that remove bacteria or foreign particles that enter the blood in the portal vein.

A

Kuppfer Cells

240
Q

Acts as the gatekeeper to the blood removing poisonous substances and stores glucose as glycogen?

A

Liver

241
Q

What is stored in the liver?

A

Glycogen

242
Q

Produces urea for breakdown of amino acids?

A

Liver

243
Q

Produces bile which emulsifies fat in small intestine?

A

Liver

244
Q

Emulsifies fat in small intestine

A

Bile

245
Q

Stores iron, vitamin A, D, E and K

A

Liver

246
Q

What cells secret bile in the liver?

A

Hepatic Cells

247
Q

Composition of bile?

A

Water, Bile Salts, Bile Pigments, Cholesterol and Electrolytes

248
Q

Two bile pigments

A

Bilirubin and Biliverdin

249
Q

Function of Bile Pigments?

A

Breakdown products of hemoglobin.

250
Q

Most abundant and only digestive substance in bile?

A

Bile Salts

251
Q

Process of breaking fat globules into smaller droplets?

A

Emulsification

252
Q

Muscular sac attached to liver, pear shaped?

A

Gallbladder

253
Q

Function of gallbladder?

A

Stores Bile

254
Q

Parts of Gallbladder?

A

Fundus, Body and Neck

255
Q

Gallbladder shapes

A

Bilobed, Phygian Cap and Hourglass

256
Q

A hormone responsible for the contraction of the gallbladder?

A

Cholecystokinin

257
Q

Hormone that stimulates the production of bile?

A

Secretin

258
Q

How bile exits liver?

A

Left or right hepatic duct

259
Q

Name the two bile ducts of liver?

A

Right and Left Hepatic Duct

260
Q

Right and Left Hepatic Duct join to form the?

A

Common Hepatic Duct

261
Q

Bile is carried in and out of the gallbladder via?

A

Cystic Duct

262
Q

Duct which brings bile to the duodenum?

A

Common Bile Duct

263
Q

Pancreatic duct is also known as?

A

Duct of Wirsung

264
Q

Duct of Wirsung connects to?

A

Common Bile Duct

265
Q

Common exit of bile and pancreatic juices?

A

Hepatopancreatic ampulla

266
Q

Alternative name for hepatopancreatic Ampulla

A

Ampulla of Vater

267
Q

Alternative name for the Ampulla of Vater?

A

Hepatopancreatic Ampulla

268
Q

Contains circular muscle fibers near the terminal opening of the ampulla of vater?

A

Hepatopancreatic Sphicter

269
Q

Alternative name for the hepatopancreatic Sphincter?

A

Sphincter of Oddi

270
Q

Alternative name for the Sphicter of Oddi?

A

Hepatopancreatic Sphincter

271
Q

Alternative name for Feces?

A

Stool

272
Q

Materials that were not digested?

A

Feces

273
Q

Water make up of Feces

A

70-75%

274
Q

Color of feces is dependent on

A

Bile pigments

275
Q

Largest gland in the body?

A

Liver

276
Q

Second largest organ?

A

Liver

Anatomy and Physiology (14 decks)

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