Cardiovascular System Flashcards
Blood is also known as?
hemo or sanguinos
Condition in where the body maintains a stable internal environment?
Homeostasis.
Make up of blood?
Plasma (52-62%) Formed Elements (38-48%)
Normal amount of blood?
4-6 Liters
Normal pH of blood?
7.35-7.45
Bright red blood
Arterial (oxygenated)
Dark Red
Venous (deoxygenated)
Percentage of blood from total body weight?
8%
Function of blood?
Transportation, Regulation, Protection
Colour of plasma?
Straw coloured.
Water percentage of plasma?
90-92%
Content of plasma?
Globulin, Albumin, Fibrinogen
Make up of globulin in plasma?
38%
Part of the plasma which helps in immunity?
Globulin
Make up of albumin in blood?
58%
Part of plasma which helps maintain water balance?
Albumin
Make up of fibrinogen in plasma?
4%
Part of plasma which aids in clot formation?
Fibrinogen.
What are the blood forming organs?
Bone Marrow, Liver, Spleen, Lymph Nodes, Thymus
Process of blood cell production.
Hematopoiesis
What are the three kinds of blood cells?
WBC, RBC, Platelets.
Alternative name for red blood cells?
Erythrocytes.
Where are red blood cells formed?
Bone marrow.
Diameter of red blood cells?
7 Microns
Shape of red blood cells?
Biconcave discs.
Main pigment in RBC?
Hemoglobin.
Contents of hemoglobin?
Iron and protein.
Hemoglobin accounts for how much of the cells volume?
1/3
Number of RBC per cubic mm
4,500,000-6,000,000
Who have more red blood cells?
Men
Lifespan of RBC?
120 days.
Product of small intestine which aids in the formation of red blood cells?
Vitamin B12
Where is B12 produced?
Intestines.
Enzyme secreted by stomach found in intestine for absorption of Vitamin B12.
Intrinsic Factor
Hormone which controls the rate of red blood cell formation.
Erythropoietin
Alternative name for white blood cells?
Leukocytes
Density of WBC per cubic mm?
6,000-10,000
Function of white blood cells?
Defence, Repair, Immunity
Two classifications of WBC?
Granulocytes, Agranulocytes.
Lifespan of granulocytes?
12 hours.
How many kinds of granulocytes are there?
3
Enumerate the 3 granulocytes?
Neutrophil, Eosinophil, Basophil.
Most common type of granulocyte?
Neutrophils
Neutrophil which performs phagocytosis?
Neutrophils.
Least common of all WBC?
Basophils
Basophils release what chemicals?
Histamine and Heparin
White bloodcell which reduces inflammation?
Eosinophil
Granulocyte which stains both acidic and basic?
Neutrophils
Granulocyte which stains blue or purple?
Basophils
Granulocyte which stains bright red with eosin?
Eosinophil.
The stain used on eosinophils?
Eosin.
Smallest WBC?
Lymphocytes
Largest WBC?
Monocytes.
Shape of Monocytes?
Kidney Shaped Nucleus
Agranulocytes which produce macrophages?
Monocytes.
How many Agranulocytes are there?
2
Enumerate the 2 agranulocytes?
Lymphocytes, Monocytes.
Alternative name for platelets?
Thrombocytes.
Cells which produce platelets?
Megakaryocytes.
Lifespan of platelets?
10 days.
Number of platelets per cubic mm?
200,000 to 400,000
Function of platelets?
Stop bleeding.
Hormone which is produced by the liver to increase rate of platelet production?
Thrombopoietin.
Term for low platelet count?
Thrombocytopenia.
Stoppage of blood?
Hemostasis
Cycle of blood stoppage.
Blood vessel spasm, Platelet plug Formation, Blood Coagulation
Who discovered the ABO blood types?
Karl Landsteiner
4 main categories of blood?
A, B, AB, O
Transfer of blood?
Blood transfusion
Person donating blood?
Donor
Person receiving blood?
Recipient.
Two types of bodies found in blood which determine their type?
Antigens, Antibodies
Happens when Antigen fits with antibodies?
Agglutination
Universal donor?
Type O
Universal Recipient?
Type AB
Two circuits of cardiovascular system?
Pulmonary circuit, Systemic Circuit
Circuit which sends deoxygenated blood to lungs for gas exchange?
Pulmonary circuit.
Circuit which sends oxygenated blood to all body cells?
Systemic circuit.
Shape of heart?
Cone shaped
Size of the heart?
Fist size
Location of heart?
Between lungs in thorax.
Heart pump rate?
72 times a minute
Parts of heart wall?
Endocardium, Myocardium, Epicardium
Layer forms the lining membrane of the heart with a smooth inner surface?
Endocardium
Muscular layer of heart composed of cardiac muscles?
Myocardium
Outer layer of the muscular layer of the heart?
Epicardium
Epicardium is also known as?
Visceral Pericardium
Two types of pericardium?
Serous Pericardium, Fibrous Pericardium
Surounds the parietal pericardium to form the outer ayer of the pericardial sac?
Fibrous Pericardium
Folded membrane which gives 2 layers?
Serous Pericardium
2 types of serous pericardium?
Visceral, Parietal Pericardium
Serous pericardium on the surface of the heart muscle?
Visceral Pericardium
Serous pericardium which lines fibrous pericardium?
Parietal pericardium
Alternative name of visceral Pericardium?
Epicardium
Bag where the heart is found?
Pericardial Sac
Space around the heart?
Pericardial Cavity
Pericardial cavity contains this fluid to reduce friction?
Serous fluid
Lies at the basal end of the heart (upper chamber)?
Atria
Lies towards the apex of the heart (lower chamber)?
Ventricles
Partition that separates the right and left atria?
Interatrial septum
Partition that separates the right and left ventricles?
Interventricular septum
Separates the atria from ventricles?
Coronary sulcus.
Atria which recieves blood from veins?
Right atria.
The 3 major openings of right atrium?
Superior Vena Cava, Inferior Vena Cava, Coronary Sinus.
Caries blood from the upper body to the right atrium?
Superior Vena Cava
Carries blood from the lower body to the right atrium?
Inferior Vena Cava
Drains blood from the heart muscle?
Coronary Sinus
The atrium which recieves blood from the 4 pulmonary veins?
Left Atrium
How many pulmonary veins are there?
4
Function of the ventricles?
Pumps
Pumps blood into pulmonary trunk?
Right ventricle
Pumps blood intro aorta?
Left ventricle
Directs bloodflod and prevents regurgitation or backflow?
Valves
What are the 4 heart valves?
Tricuspid valve, Bicuspid Valve, Aortic Semilunar Valve, Pulmonary Semilunar Valve.
Alternative name for tricuspid valve?
Atrioventricular Valve
Valve between RA and RV?
Tricuspid valve
Alternative name for bicuspid valve?
Mitral Valve
Valve between LA and LV?
Bicuspid Valve
Valve between RV and pulmonary artery?
Pulmonary Semilunar Valve
Valve between LV and Aorta?
Aortic Semilunar Valve
Muslces which contract and prevent valves from opening into atria?
Papillary muscles
Tendon holds valves in one direction?
Chordae Tendineae
Alternative name for opening?
Ostium
How many openings does the heart have in total?
11
Caries oxygenated blood away from heart?
Arteries
The only artery which carries deoxygenated blood?
Pulmonary arteries
Largest Artery?
Aorta
Used to listen to heart and lungs?
Stethoscope
Two main sounds of heart?
LUBB DUPP
First heart sound results from closure of atrioventricular valve?
LUBB
Second heart sound as a result from the closure of semiluar valve?
DUPP
Causes the LUBB sound?
Atrioventricular Valve
Causes the DUPP sound?
Semilunar Valve
Abnormal sounds of heart?
Heart Murmurs
Types of blood vessels?
Arteries, Arterioles, Capillaries, Venules, Veins
Carries deoxygenated blood towards heart?
Veins
Blood vessel where exchange occurs between blood and tissue fluids?
Capillaries
Two of the largest arteries?
Aorta, Pulmonary Trunk
Parts of Aorta
Aortic Arch, Ascending, Descending, Thoracic and Abdominal Aorta
Accumulation of soft masses of fatty material lining arteries?
Atherosclerosis
Occurs when oxygen does not reach the brain?
Stroke
Occurs when oxygen fails to reach the heart?
Myocardial Infarction
Layers of the arterial wall?
Tunica Interna, Tunica Media, Tunica Externa
Alternative ame for Tunica Externa?
Adventitia
Inner most arterial layer compose of endothelium?
Tunica Interna
Middle layer of arterial wall which makes up the bulk of arterial wall?
Tunica Media
Outer layer of arterial wall?
Tunica Externa
The 3 branches of aortic arch?
Brachiocephalic Artery, Left Common Carotid Artery, Left Subclavian Artery
Supply blood to heart?
Coronary Arteries
Circle of arteries around pituitary gland?
Arterial Circle
Alternative name for arterial circle?
Circle of Willis
Small final branch of smallest arteries which connect artery to capillary?
Arterioles
Lines capillaries?
Squamous layer
Smallest veins formed by union of capillaries which connect to veins?
Venules
Major veins that drain blood from head and neck?
External and internal Jugular Veins
When veins are abnormally dilated and show superficially?
Varicose Veins
Surge of blood entering the arteries?
Pulse
Force of the blood against the vessel walls?
Blood pressure
Two factors that affect blood pressure?
Cardiac Output and Peripheral Resistance
Effects of aging
Heart grows larger, Valves become thicker, Myocardium contracts less, resting HR decreases, varicose veins.
Action potenial originates from?
Sinoatrial Node
Path of Action potential
SA Node, AV Node, AV Bundle, Right and Left Bundle Branches, Purkinje Fibers
Alternative name for atrioventricular bundle?
Bundle of His
