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HHP > Nervous System > Flashcards

Nervous System Flashcards

1
Q

Somatic nervous system correlates to?

A

Voluntary movements

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2
Q

Autonomic nervous system correlates to?

A

Parasympathetic and sympathetic systems

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3
Q

What is the structural and functional unit of the nervous system?

A

Neuron

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4
Q

What are the four supporting glial cells of CNS?

A

Oligodendrocytes
Astrocytes
Ependymal cells
Microglial cells

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5
Q

What are the two supporting glial cells of the PNS?

A

Schwann cell
Satellite cells

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6
Q

What is another name for cell body Soma?

A

Perikaryon

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7
Q

What is Nissl substance?

A

Aggregates of rER and polyribosomes

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8
Q

What is a telodendron?

A

End of axon in terminal arborization

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9
Q

What does each branch of a telodendron end in?

A

Boutons terminal

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10
Q

Where are neurotransmitters held?

A

Terminal Bouton

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11
Q

What do sensory afferent neurons do?

A

Convey information/impulses TO CNS, FROM receptors

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12
Q

What do motor efferent neurons do?

A

Convey inorfmation/impulses to the target cells FROM CNS

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13
Q

Where are interneurons/intercalated neurons located?

A

CNS and autonomic ganglia

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14
Q

What do interneurons/intercalated neurons do?

A

Integrate sensory and motor neurons

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15
Q

What is a multipolar neuron?

A

One axon and 2 or more dendrites

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16
Q

Where are multipolar neurons located?

A

Brain, spinal cord, autonomic ganglia

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17
Q

What is function of multipolar neuron?

A

Motor and interneurons

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18
Q

What is a bipolar neuron?

A

One axon and one dendrite

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19
Q

Where are bipolar neurons located?

A

Olfactory, retina, spiral ganglia of ear

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20
Q

What is a pseudounipolar neuron?

A

One long peripheral process, one short central process

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21
Q

Where are pseudounipolar neurons located?

A

Dorsal root ganglia

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22
Q

What is the function of pseudounipolar neurons?

A

Sensory

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23
Q

What is another term for sensory neuron?

A

Afferent neuron

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24
Q

What is another term for motor neuron?

A

Efferent neuron

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25
Q

What is the cytoskeleton of neuronal cell body made of?

A

Actin filaments, intermediate filaments, microtubules with centrosome

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26
Q

What protein do microtubules hold?

A

Tau proteins

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27
Q

Why does soma/perikaryon have lipofuscin granules?

A

Lysosomal digestion

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28
Q

What are tau proteins?

A

They stabilize microtubules

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29
Q

What is the clinical representation of misfolded and abnormally phosphorylated tau proteins?

A

Alzhiemers disease

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30
Q

What other factor plays a role in Alzheimers disease

A

Amyloid plaques/neuritic plaques; aggregates of beta amyloid protein outside of neuronal regions

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31
Q

Are dendrites myelinated?

A

No

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32
Q

What is function of dendritic spines?

A

Increase surface area available for synaptic contact

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33
Q

What organelles are present in axon hillock?

A

Mitochondria, microtubules, neurofilaments, and vesicles; help with transport of substances down the axon

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34
Q

What is the region between axon hillock and myelin sheath?

A

Initial segment

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35
Q

What is importance of initial segment?

A

Initiation of action potential

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36
Q

What is the cytoplasm of an axon called?

A

Axoplasm

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37
Q

What does axoplasm contain?

A

Neurotubules/microtubules, neurofilaments, mitochondria, vesicles

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38
Q

What does neurotubules/microtubules of axoplasm provide?

A

Tracks along which material is transported to and from cell body

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39
Q

What does neurofilaments provide axoplasm?

A

Structural support

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40
Q

What is anterograde transport in axoplasm?

A

Movement of mitochondria/substances DOWN the axon, *Kinesin protein

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41
Q

What is retrograde transport in axoplasm?

A

Movement of mitochondria/substances UP the axon, *Dyenin protein

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42
Q

What is axoplasm surrounded by?

A

Axolemma

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43
Q

What is presynaptic destiny of axon?

A

Aggregation of dense material in cytoplasm, Site where vesicles attach

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44
Q

What is postsynaptic density of dendrite?

A

Aggregation of dense material in cytoplasm, site where receptor proteins and channels are prevalent

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45
Q

What is between presynaptic and postsynaptic densities?

A

Synaptic cleft

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46
Q

What is important feature of synapse structure?

A

ER that regulates calcium levels

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47
Q

What is an electrical synapse?

A

Terminal boutons containing gap junctions, permit movement of electrical current between cells

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48
Q

Where are oligodedrocytes, ependymal cells, and astrocytes derived from?

A

Neuroectoderm

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49
Q

Where are microglial cells derived from?

A

Mesoderm

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50
Q

Where are schwann cells and satellite cells derived from?

A

Neural crest

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51
Q

What does every internode of PNS represent?

A

ONE schwann cells

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52
Q

What does every internode of PNS represent?

A

ONE schwann cell

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53
Q

What junctional complexes are found in nodes of ranvier?

A

Tight junctions

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54
Q

What do satellite cells surround?

A

Ganglion cells

55
Q

What is role of satellite cell?

A

Structural and metabolic support for neural cell bodies, insulation and nutrition

56
Q

Where are oligodendrocytes located?

A

Gray and white matter, predominantly in white matter

57
Q

What are two types of oligodendrocytes?

A

Interfascicular- white matter
Perineuronal satellite cell- gray matter

58
Q

What do perineuronal satellite cells do?

A

Regulate the neuronal microenvironment to protect neuron

59
Q

What foot process covers the rode of ranvier?

A

Astrocytic foot process

60
Q

What does oligodendrocytes NOT contain?

A

Glial fibers

61
Q

What DO oligodendrocytes contain?

A

Microtubules

62
Q

What does EM of oligodendrocytes show?

A

Inclusion bodies, clumps of chromatin, short cisternae of rER with mitochondria

63
Q

What are two types of astrocytes?

A

Fibrous- white matter
Protoplasmic- gray matter

64
Q

What junctional complexes do astrocytes hold?

A

Gap junctions

65
Q

What do astrocytes contain that need a special stain to see?

A

GFAP, and intermediate filaments

66
Q

What functions do astrocytes have?

A

Physical barrier between cells for protection, maintain ionic and pH equilibrium, modify chemical environment
Metabolize neurotransmitters, ex. Glutamate

67
Q

What type of lining do astrocytes form around external surface of CNS?

A

Glial limitans

68
Q

What type of lining do astrocytes form around blood vessels?

A

Perivascular feet

69
Q

During injury, what do astrocytes proliferate into?

A

Phagocytic cells, forms glial scar

70
Q

What do ependymal cells line?

A

3rd and 4th ventricle of brain, central canal of spinal cord

71
Q

What is special feature about ependymal cells in the ventricles?

A

They do not rest on basal lamina, no basal lamina between cells and brain tissue

72
Q

What do ependymal cells have on apical surface that moves CSF in the ventricles?

A

Microvilli and cilia

73
Q

What are the intercellular junctions of ependymal cells?

A

Tight junctions

74
Q

When the ependymal cells are modified to form layers of cuboidal epithelium in rich vasculature of choroid plexus, they do have a _____?

A

Basal lamina, formed by outgrowth of pia

75
Q

What does choroid plexus secrete?

A

CSF, transport of water and electrolytes from capillary endothelium to form CSF

76
Q

What are tanycytes?

A

Specialized ependymal cells present only in THIRD ventricle

77
Q

What is special feature of tanycytes?

A

Basal processes extend through the astrocytic process layer to form end feet on blood vessels

78
Q

What is function of tanycytes?

A

Control body weight and energy balance

79
Q

What are microglial cells?

A

Phagocytic cells, remove debris of cells that die or during injury

80
Q

What system are microglial cells part of?

A

MPS Mononuclear phagocytic system

81
Q

Where are microglial cells prominent in?

A

Gray matter

82
Q

When do the numbers of microglial cells increase?

A

During injury

83
Q

What is PNS composed of?

A

Nerves, ganglia, nerve endings

84
Q

What do epineurium and perineurium contain that endoneurium doesnt?

A

Blood vessels

85
Q

What do peripheral nerve ganglia contain?

A

Cell bodies of ganglionic neuron, supporting satellite cells, nerve fibers

86
Q

What are peripheral nerve ganglia associated with?

A

Cranial, dorsal root and autonomic ganglia

87
Q

What is peripheral nerve sensory ganglia associated with?

A

Cranial ganglia, dorsal roots spiral ganglia

88
Q

What type of neurons are in peripheral nerve sensory ganglia?

A

Pseudounipolar

89
Q

What are sensory ganglia supported by?

A

CT capsule and internal framework

90
Q

What are peripheral nerve autonomic ganglia?

A

Bulbous dilations associated with autonomic nerves, poorly defined capsule

91
Q

Where are peripheral nerve autonomic ganglia located

A

Within organs, ex. GIT

92
Q

Autonomic nerves use a two neuron circuit, what is involved?

A

First neuron of chain-preganglionic neurons located in CNS
Postganglionic fibers of second neruron-multipolar neurons located in peripheral autonomic ganglia

93
Q

What is length of parasympathetic pre and post ganglions?

A

Long pre, short post

94
Q

What is length of sympathetic pre and post ganglions?

A

Short pre, long post

95
Q

Where are cell bodies of preganglionic sympathetic nerves located?

A

Lateral horn T1-L2

96
Q

Where are cell bodies of preganglionic parasympathetic nerves located?

A

Medulla and midbrain, lateral horn S2-S4

97
Q

Where are cell bodies of postganglionic sympathetic nerves located? (second order neurons)

A

Paravetebral neurons, sympathetic chain

98
Q

Where are cell bodies of postganglionic parasympathetic nerves located? (second order neurons)

A

Ganglia always near effector organ

99
Q

What is Endoneurium type of collagen?

A

Type 3

100
Q

What is epineurium type of collagen?

A

Type 1

101
Q

Where are the collagen fibers of endoneurium and perineurium synthesized from?

A

Schwann cells

102
Q

What is present in endoneurium CT?

A

Macrophages and mast cells

103
Q

What is special about perineural CT?

A

Specialized cells called perineurial cells, cells are contractile with actin filaments, each layer has a basal lamina on both surfaces
Forms blood nerve barrier

104
Q

What does perineurial cells form?

A

Blood nerve barrier, forms tight junctions

105
Q

Where is epineurium absent in?

A

Small nerves

106
Q

What are the three parts of brain?

A

Cerebrum, cerebellum, brain stem

107
Q

What does cortex or gray matter hold?

A

Nerve cell bodies, axons, dendrites, glial cells

108
Q

Where is site of synapse?

A

Gray matter or cortex

109
Q

What does medulla or white matter hold?

A

Myelinated axons of nerve cells, and glial cells

110
Q

Cerebrum neocortex is organized into how many layers?

A

6 layers; molecular layer, external granular, external pyramidal, internal granular, internal pyramidal, multiform

111
Q

Cerebellum is arranged in three layers, what are they?

A

Outer molecular layer, middle purkinjie layer, inner granular layer

112
Q

Brain and spinal cord are covered by meninges, what are the three?

A

Dura mater, Arachnoid mater, Pia mater

113
Q

What does dura mater consist of?

A

Thick sheet of CT, two layers; outer periosteal layer, inner meningeal layer, between two layers are dural venous sinuses

114
Q

What is function of dural venous sinuses?

A

Drain venous blood from brain into internal jugular vein

115
Q

What partitions does meningeal layer of dura form?

A

Falx cerebri, tentorium cerebelli

116
Q

What does arachnoid mater consist of?

A

CT sheet, small tufts of arachnoid tissue projects into superior sagittal sinus to drain CSF into venous sinuses

117
Q

What is subarachnoid space filled with?

A

CSF, blood vessels

118
Q

What does pia mater consist of?

A

Delicate CT sheet, lies on surface of brain on glial limitans

119
Q

What does pia mater follow penetrating branches of?

A

Large blood vessels of brain, narrow space between blood vessels and pia is called perivascular space

120
Q

What does perivascular space hold?

A

CSF from subarachnoid space, facilitates movement of CSF deep into brain tissue

121
Q

What is blood brain barrier?

A

Physiological barrier, extensive tight junctions, thick layer of basement membrane, astrocyte end feet, strong basal lamina

122
Q

What are three layers of blood brain barrier basal lamina?

A

EC layer formed by laminin-4 and lamin-5
Astrocyte derived layer, formed by laminin and lamin-2
Collagen IV layer

123
Q

A number of astrocyte released factors contribute to BBB integrity, including?

A

Glial derived neurotrophic factor GDNF

124
Q

What cells are present with surrounding basal lamina of endothelial cell?

A

Pericytes

125
Q

What do pericytes do for BBB?

A

Involved in restricted BBB permeability

126
Q

What are two events in neuron response to injury?

A

Axonal degeneration, neural degeneration

127
Q

Can axons of CNS regenerate?

A

No, due to myelin debris containing inhibitors of axonal degeneration, and due to BBB restriction of macrophage migration

128
Q

Degeneration of axons in PNS of distal part is called?

A

Anterograde degeneration or Wallerian degeneration

129
Q

Degeneration of axons in PNS of proximal part is called?

A

Retrograde degeneration or traumatic degeneration

130
Q

Describe anterograde degeneration in PNS

A

Microtubules and cytoskeleton break down, axon fragments, this causes schwann cells to differentiate and results in breakdown of myelin sheath, remenants are phagocytized by schwann cells and phagocytes, then recruitment of monocyte derived macrophages occurs, complete disruption of blood nerve barrier along entire nerve, dedifferentiated schwann cells stop forming myelin, start to divide and arrange themselves longitudinally along external lamina

131
Q

Describe axon regeneration in PNS

A

Schwann cells start to form bands of bungner, these bands guide growth of neurites to correct destination, schwann cells around regenerated axon redifferentiate and make myelin sheath

132
Q

Describe retrograde degeneration in PNS

A

Axon proximal to injured site undergoes degeneration, this upregulate the gene C-jun, C-jun expression causes the cell body to undergo chromatolysis; neuron swells, nucleus and nissl substance is moved peripherally

133
Q

Describe response to injury in CNS

A

If oligodendrocytes lose contact with axon, they undergo apoptosis, BBB is disrupted only at site of injury (not along entire length of axon), this limits infiltration of macrophages, myelin removal takes a very long time, astrocyte forms glial scar that replaces empty spaces left by degenerated axons

HHP (17 decks)

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