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HHP > Muscular Tissue > Flashcards

Muscular Tissue Flashcards

1
Q

Myofibrils are best described as?

A

Subcellular structures of contractile proteins

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2
Q

Identify a single sarcomere?

A

Distance between two Z lines

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3
Q

Does A band shorten when muscle contracts?

A

No

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4
Q

A muscle biopsy characteristic for Duchene muscular dystrophy would reveal?

A

Marked variation in muscle fibers diameter, with both large and abnormally small fibers

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5
Q

What is the role of protein titin in skeletal muscle?

A

Center the myosin filaments in the middle of the sarcomere, maintain distance between actin and myosin

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6
Q

Which best describes a t tubule?

A

In response to depolorization, activates voltage sensor proteins

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7
Q

Regeneration of skeletal muscle tears happens through which mechanism

A

Satellite cells would differentiate into myoblasts

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8
Q

Which structure transmits impulses for cardiac muscle contraction?

A

Purkinje fibers

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9
Q

Which protein in the troponin complex inhibits the binding of myosin to actin?

A

TnI

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10
Q

What is the connective tissue cover around a SINGLE smooth muscle cell?

A

Endomysium

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11
Q

What is the connective tissue cover around a myofibril?

A

Perimysium

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12
Q

What is the connective tissue cover around a GROUP of muscle myofibrils?

A

Epimysium

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13
Q

Role of TnT?

A

Binds troponin complex to tropomyosin

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14
Q

Role of TnC?

A

Calcium binding receptor, most important for contraction

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15
Q

What does tropomyosin cover on the actin filament?

A

Myosin binding sites

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16
Q

Can smooth muscle cells regenerate and repair?

A

Yes, they respond by undergoing mitosis, regularly replicating in uterus, stomach, blood vessels

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17
Q

What do smooth muscle cells secrete?

A

Connective tissue matrix

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18
Q

What do smooth muscle cells synthesize?

A

Type IV collagen, Type III, Type 1 in some areas like uterus and blood vessels
Elastin, proteoglycans, and glycoproteins

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19
Q

What is the arrangement of Myosin II in smooth muscle cells?

A

Side polar arrangement, maximizes the interaction between myosin and actin filaments

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20
Q

What thin filaments does smooth muscle contain?

A

Actin, tropomyosin, caldesmon, calponin

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21
Q

What does caldesmon and calponin need in order to work properly?

A

Calmodulin

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22
Q

What are caldesmon and calponin?

A

Actin binding proteins that block myosin binding sites

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23
Q

Caveolae can be found where?

A

In smooth muscle cell membrane, usually always with cisterna

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24
Q

What does caveolae invaginations do?

A

Regulate the release of Ca2+ from the SR

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25
Q

Dense bodies in smooth muscle are attached to?

A

Actin and desmin

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26
Q

Desmin attached to the dense bodies and sarcolemma does what to sarcolemma?

A

Throws sarcolemma in different directions when muscle is contracting

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27
Q

Where can mitochondria be found in smooth muscle?

A

Perinuclear and sub sarcolemma

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28
Q

What type of collagen is abundant in smooth muscle?

A

Type III, reticular fibers

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29
Q

Where can the intermediate filament vimentin be found?

A

Vascular smooth muscle cells

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30
Q

Smooth muscle cells often have a ______ appearance when muscle is contracting?

A

Corkscrew

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31
Q

Where can smooth muscle cells be found?

A

GI tract, blood vessels, uterus, respiratory tract

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32
Q

What are GAP junctions in smooth muscle called?

A

Nexus junction

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33
Q

Where can lipofuscin granules be found in an aging adult?

A

Juxtanuclear area

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34
Q

What structural subunit can be found in blood for 2 weeks after suspected myocardial infarction?

A

TnI

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35
Q

What structural subunits get release into blood after MI?

A

TnT and TnI

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36
Q

What marker can we test if we suspect a recent myocardial infarction?

A

TnI

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37
Q

In nonfatal damages to heart, what is the replacement of tissue?

A

Fibrous connective tissue

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38
Q

Why do purkinje cell cytoplasm stain poorly?

A

Large amounts of glycogen

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39
Q

Where can purkinje cells be found?

A

Endocardium

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40
Q

What do purkije fibers do?

A

Rapidly transmit contractil impulses to various parts of myocardium

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41
Q

Cardiac muscle have very large and numberous amounts of?

A

Mitochondria

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42
Q

Explain cardiac DIAD

A

One SR cisterna and one T tubule

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43
Q

T tubules are large and more numerous in?

A

Cardiac ventricular muscle

44
Q

Where do T tubules run in cardiac muscle compared to skeletal muscle?

A

T tubules run on Z line in cardiac muscle, and they run at AI junction in skeletal muscle

45
Q

Where can GAP junctions be found in cardiac muscle?

A

On the lateral component

46
Q

What is the importance of GAP junctions in cardiac muscle?

A

Provide continuity between adjacent myocytes and allow information to pass cell to cell

47
Q

What provides a cardiac cell to function as a syncytium?

A

GAP junctions and fascia adherens

48
Q

Where can desmosomes/macula adherens be found in cardiac muscle cells?

A

Lateral and transverse component

49
Q

What is the function of desmosomes in cardiac muscle?

A

Prevent cells from pulling apart after repetitive contraction

50
Q

Fascia adherens serves at site where thin filaments of last sarcomere anchor to plasma membrane, therefore coincides with?

A

Z disc

51
Q

Where can fascia adherens be found in cardiac muscle?

A

Transverse component, Z disk

52
Q

What is the important protein in cell junctional complexes?

A

E-cadherins

53
Q

Concentrations of what are present in between myofibrils in cardiac muscle?

A

Glycogen

54
Q

There a dark atrial granules found in the juxtanuclear region of cardiac muscle, what polypeptide hormones are found in these granules?

A

ANP and BNP

55
Q

What polypeptide hormone levels increase in congestive heart failure?

A

BNP

56
Q

Can skeletal muscle be repaired if external lamina is intact?

A

Yes, satellite cells give rise to myoblasts, which fuse to form myotubules and eventually mature into new muscle fibers

57
Q

Can skeletal muscle be repaired if external lamina is damaged?

A

No, fibroblasts creates scar tissue

58
Q

What are satellite cells?

A

Stem cells that can give rise to myoblasts

59
Q

What does the last sarcomere lack in a myotendinous junction?

A

Z line

60
Q

What are tendons composed of?

A

Dense regular connective tissue, Type I collagen

61
Q

In myotendinous junction, the actin filaments extend from A band and continue along the length of finger like projections and attach to what?

A

Sarcolemma

62
Q

In myotendinous junction, finger like projections of ____ penetrate the muscle tissue

A

Type 1 collagen

63
Q

Where can golgi tendon organ be found?

A

Tendons

64
Q

What is function of golgi tendon organ?

A

Respond to increased tension in the muscle, relay information to CNS for coordinating fine muscle contraction

65
Q

Golgi tendon organs only contain what type of nerve?

A

Sensory/Afferent

66
Q

What is important role of efferent nerve?

A

To modify information from afferent nerve and send correct information to CNS

67
Q

Are there more chain fibers than there are bag fibers?

A

Yes

68
Q

Nuceli piled in a central dilation of spindle fibers is called?

A

Bag fiber

69
Q

Nuclei closely aligned in spindle fibers is called?

A

Chain fiber

70
Q

What are the two main intrafusal/spindle fibers?

A

Nuclear chain and bag fibers

71
Q

What is main function of a spindle cell?

A

Specialized stretch receptors

72
Q

What are the two capsules of spindle cells?

A

Internal capsule-encloses the spindle fibers
External capslue-encloses the entire cell
Fluid filled space in between capsules

73
Q

What is role of AChE Acetylcholinesterase?

A

Breakdown ACh

74
Q

The sarcolemma forms several foldings at neuromuscular junction called?

A

Synaptic cleft

75
Q

The motor end plate has no?

A

Myelination

76
Q

Boutons terminal ends are loacted?

A

In synaptic cleft

77
Q

Schwann cells form a protective cover over?

A

Dilation of nerve

78
Q

Skeletal muscle fibers are innervated by both?

A

Motor and sensory innervations

79
Q

What is a TRIAD?

A

Two terminal cisternae and one T tubule

80
Q

Where are TRIADs located in muscle?

A

AI junctions

81
Q

Why are TRIADs important?

A

They couple the extracellular event of nerve coupling with the intracellular responses of calcium ion release

82
Q

What do T tubules contain in skeletal muscle?

A

Voltage sensor proteins, dihydropiridine receptors

83
Q

Sarcoplasmic reticulum forms a membranoius compartment of flattened?

A

Terminal cisternae and anastomosing channels

84
Q

Importance of terminal cisternae?

A

Serve as reservoirs for Ca2+

85
Q

Sarcoplasmic reticulum extends from?

A

AI junction to adjacent AI junction

86
Q

What protein stores calcium in the SR?

A

Calsequestrin

87
Q

What does TRIAD provide?

A

Rapid delivery and removal of Ca2+

88
Q

I and H bands shorten while?

A

A bands stay the same length

89
Q

Desmin

A

Attaches Z line to sarcolemma with help of linkage protein ankyrin
Crosslinks and stabilizes adjacent myofibrils

90
Q

Dystrophin

A

Attaches actin to sarcolemma
Duchenne muscular dystrophy if gene is disrupted or absent

91
Q

Why do men suffer more from Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy?

A

It is X linked chromosomal defect, boys only have one X chromosome

92
Q

Myosin Binding Protein C

A

Helps myomesin protein, provides attachments on either side of M line

93
Q

Myomesin

A

Myosin binding protein-Holds myosin at M line

94
Q

Nebulin

A

Aids Alpha Actin in attaching actin to Z disc, maintains length of actin

95
Q

Alpha Actin

A

Attaches actin to Z line

96
Q

Titin

A

Maintains precise distance between actin and myosin, also centers mysoin in the middle
Molecular springs prevent excessive stretching

97
Q

What does the bare zone in bipolar myosin account for?

A

H zone

98
Q

Where can bipolar myosin filament be found?

A

Skeletal muscle

99
Q

Myosin head has two binding sites for what?

A

ATP and Actin

100
Q

I bands contain only?

A

Actin

101
Q

H zone contains only?

A

Myosin

102
Q

A bands contain?

A

Both myosin and actin

103
Q

M line bisects H band, and Z line bisects?

A

I band

104
Q

Each thick myosin filament is surrounded by?

A

6 thin actin filaments

105
Q

Epimysium

A

CT and Type 1 collagen surrounding a group of muscle fasicles, contains large blood vessels and nerves

106
Q

Perimysium

A

CT surrounding a group of muscle fibers, contains blood vessels

107
Q

Endomysium

A

CT and Type 3 collagen surrounding each individual muscle fiber, contains finest vessels and nerve branches

HHP (17 decks)

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