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HHP > Blood and Hemopoiesis > Flashcards

Blood and Hemopoiesis Flashcards

1
Q

What percentage is plasma in blood?

A

55%

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2
Q

What percentage is RBC in blood?

A

45%

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3
Q

What percentage is buffy coat in blood?

A

1%

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4
Q

How much water does plasma hold?

A

90%, 7-8% proteins

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5
Q

What kind of glycolysis does RBC use and why?

A

Anaerobic glycolysis, due to lack of mitochondria

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6
Q

What does cytoplasm of RBC hold?

A

Hemoglobin

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7
Q

What is the role of hemoglobin?

A

Carries O2 and CO2

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8
Q

What peripheral membrane protein is in RBC plasma membrane?

A

Spectrin

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9
Q

Role of Spectrin?

A

Stabilizes plasma membrane, maintain cell shape, provides elasticity

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10
Q

What complexes is Spectrin attached to on plasma membrane?

A

4.1 protein complex, ankyrin protein complex

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11
Q

What does 4.1 protein complex contain?

A

Band 4.1 protein, actin, tropomyosin, tropomodulin, adductin

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12
Q

What glycophorin does band 4.1 interact with?

A

Glycophorin C

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13
Q

What does ankyrin protein complex contain?

A

Ankyrin and band 4.2 protein

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14
Q

What protein does ankyrin bind with?

A

Band 3 protein, binds band 3 to spectrin lattice by forming complex with band 4.2 protein

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15
Q

What are the three integral membrane proteins?

A

Glycophorin C, Glycophorin A, Band 3 protein

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16
Q

Glycophorin A contains?

A

Antigenetic sites for determining ABO blood type

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17
Q

Glycophorin C?

A

Plays important role in attaching cytoskeleton lattice to RBC plasma membrane

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18
Q

What is Band 3 protein?

A

Major anion transporter, binds hemoglobin, carries sites for blood group antigens and anchors cytoskeleton proteins.

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19
Q

What is Rouleaux formation in RBC?

A

Coin stacking of RBC due to excess plasma immunoglobulin

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20
Q

What are the granulocytes of WBC?

A

Neutrophils, Eosinophils, Basophils

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21
Q

What are the agranulocytes in WBC?

A

Lymphocytes, Monocytes

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22
Q

Do both granulocytes and agranulocytes hold azurophilic primary granules?

A

Yes

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23
Q

Function of neutrophil?

A

Functions as lysosome with hydrolytic enzymes

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24
Q

What type of granules do neutrophils have?

A

Large primary, small specific, small tertiary

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25
Q

Is neutrophil the most common circulating leukocyte?

A

Yes, 54-62%

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26
Q

What appendage can appear on a neutrophil to help identify the genetic sex?

A

Barr Body, inactive x chromosome in females

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27
Q

What do large primary granules in neutrophils contain?

A

Hydrolytic enzymes:
Myeloperoxidases MPO, Neutrophil defensin, acid hydrolases

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28
Q

What do small specific granules in neutrophils contain?

A

Enzymes, Antimicrobial peptides, membrane proteins

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29
Q

What do tertiary granules in neutrophils contain?

A

Phosphates, Metalloproteinases MNPs (collagenase, gelatinases)

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30
Q

Role of Metalloproteinases?

A

Breakdown extracellular tissue matrix to facilitate neutrophil migration

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31
Q

Do small specific granules in neutrophils stain positive for peroxidase?

A

No, it stains negative peroxidase

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32
Q

What is percentage of circulating eosinphils?

A

1-2%

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33
Q

How long do eosinophils circulate in blood?

A

8-12 hours

34
Q

Eosinophils have large eosinophilic granules that contain what?

A

Crystalloid body in the middle of granule

35
Q

What do eosinophil crystalloid bodies secrete?

A

MBP Major basic proteins, most effective in killing parasites/worms

36
Q

What surround the granule in the matrix of crystalloid body?

A

Eosinophil Peroxidase EPO
Eosinophil derived neurotoxin EDN
Histamines

37
Q

What do eosinophil small granules function as?

A

Lysosomes, contain hydrolytic enzymes and acid hydrolases that function in destroying parasites

38
Q

What is eosinophilia?

A

Increased amount of circulating eosinophils

39
Q

When do eosinophils increase in number?

A

Parasitic/worm and Helminth infections, allergic reactions

40
Q

Describe process of eosinophils in allergic reaction?

A

Eosinophils will secrete histaminase, which will neutralize histamine and reduce allergic reactions (reduces mast cell and basophil)

41
Q

Which is the least common leukocyte?

A

Basophil, 0-1%

42
Q

What do large primary basophilic granules contain?

A

Heparin and histamine, secrete in response to allergic reaction

43
Q

What do small azurophilic granules in basophils contain?

A

Lysosomal acid hydrolases

44
Q

What is basophilia?

A

Increased amount of basophil count in blood

45
Q

Explain how basophils are similar to mast cells?

A

Both aid in producing allergic reaction with histamines and heparins, also they both have surface receptors for Immunoglobulin E IgE abtibodies

46
Q

Explain basophil allergic reaction process with IgE

A

First encounter to antigen, the basophils with bind with IgE and produce antibody. Second encounter is when allergic reaction takes place and possible anaphylaxis

47
Q

What is Diapedesis?

A

Process of a leukocyte squeezing through wall of blood vessel to leave blood and enter damaged tissue area.

48
Q

Explain Diapedesis?

A

1: cytokine release, interleukin 1
2: endothelial cells secrete selectins E and P
3: neutrophil binds to selectins and starts rolling on endothelial surface
4: pressure exerted causes neutrophils to express Integrins and the endothelial cells produce Integrin ligan ICAM1, these bind together
5: neutrophil stops rolling and is now attached to endothelial cell
6: Neutrophils use actin to put out pseudopodia
7: endothelial junctions are loosened by histamine and heparin secretion by perivascular cells, neutrophils migrate into extracellular CT matrix through these junctions
8: Collagenase secreted by the neutrophil, destroys basement membrane and neutrophil is now functional in extracellular CT matrix as a phagocyte

49
Q

What is percentage of lymphocytes in blood?

A

30%, second most common

50
Q

What is special about lymphocytes?

A

Recirculating immunocompetent cells, only cell that can circulate between lymphoid tissue and back into blood

51
Q

Small lymphocytes are most common?

52
Q

Medium lymphocytes include?

A

B lymphocytes, and T lymphocyte

53
Q

Large lymphocytes are called?

A

NK cells or large granular lymphocytes

54
Q

What are B lymphocytes?

A

Proliferate in lymph node, produce circulating antibodies

55
Q

What are T lymphocytes?

A

Differentiate in the thymus, specific cells are known as helper, suppressor, or cytotoxic cells.

56
Q

What is function of large NK cells?

A

Programmed to kill certain types of transformed cells

57
Q

What do large NK cell granules secrete?

A

Perforins (pore forming proteins) and
Granzymes (Proteinase)

58
Q

What does monocytes cytoplasm contain?

A

Small azurophilic granules that contain lysosomal hydrolytic enzymes

59
Q

What happens to monocytes during inflammation?

A

Monocytes will leave postcapillary venule at inflammation site, transform into tissue macrophages and phagocytize bacteria

60
Q

Where are monocytes made?

A

Bone marrow

61
Q

Where do monocytes go once created?

A

From bone marrow to body tissue, then differentiate into phagocytes of MPS system

62
Q

Importance of Mononuclear Phagocytic System?

A

Monocytes differentiate into phagocytes of this system

63
Q

Newly formed monocytes only circulate blood for how long?

64
Q

Monocytes are antigen presenting cells how?

A

Involved in immune response by presenting partially degraded cells to T lymphocytes for recognition.

65
Q

Examples of MPS cells

A

Cells primarily derived from monocyte and denote a population of antigen presenting cells involved in process of foreign bodies,
Ex. Osteoclast, monoblast, kupffer cells

66
Q

What is a platelet?

A

membrane bound cell fragments, formed in bone marrow from cytoplasm of Megakaryocytes

67
Q

What is lifespan of platelets?

68
Q

Main function of platelets?

A

Hemostasis

69
Q

Do platelets plasma membrane have a glycocalyx coat?

70
Q

What are two zones of platelets?

A

Outer hyalomere, inner granulomere

71
Q

Inner granulomere has four types of electron dense granules?

A

Alpha, Delta/Dense, Lamda/lysosomes, microperioxisomes

72
Q

What are Alpha granules in platelets?

A

Most numerous, facilitate blood coagulation and platelet aggregation

73
Q

Alpha granules in platelets contain?

A

Plasminogen, Plasminogen activation inhibitor, fibrinogen, beta thromboglobulin, platelet derived growth factor, platelet factor 4

74
Q

What do delta/dense granules in platelets contain?

A

ADP and ATP, seratonin, histamines

75
Q

What do lamda granules in platelets contain?

A

Lysosomal hydrolytic enzymes, functions in clot resorption

76
Q

What do microperoxisomes in platelets contain?

A

Peroxidases

77
Q

What does the Outer Hyalomere consist of?

A

Marginal bundle, Open canalicular system, dense tubular system

78
Q

What is the marginal bundle?

A

Maintains cell shape, by microtubules and microfilaments

79
Q

What is the open canalicular system?

A

Invaginations of plasma membrane, consists of vesicles connected to invaginations in membrane

80
Q

What is the dense tubular system?

A

Major calcium storage, consists of vesicles derived from ER of megakaryocytes

HHP (17 decks)

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