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HHP > Bone and Bone Formation > Flashcards

Bone and Bone Formation Flashcards

1
Q

What does dense bone refer to?

A

Compact bone

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2
Q

What best describes the compact bone?

A

Characterized by presence of osteons

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3
Q

What best describes the Sharpey fibers?

A

Type I collagen of Sharpey fibers merges with the type I collagen in bone tissue

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4
Q

What is the main important mineral in bone?

A

Calcium Hydroxyapatite Crystals

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5
Q

What does a bone consist of?

A

Bone tissue, blood vessels, fat tissue, nerves, hyaline cartilage

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6
Q

What is the largest bone in the body?

A

Femur

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7
Q

What is the smallest bone in the body?

A

Stapes

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8
Q

What are the functions of a bone?

A

Produces red and white blood cells, provides attachment to muscles, support body upright against gravity, stores calcium and phosphate

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9
Q

What is calcium phosphate homeostasis in bone?

A

Calcium and phosphate can be mobilized from bone to blood to regulate levels in body

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10
Q

What other name is compact bone known by?

A

Cortical bone, Dense bone

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11
Q

What other name is spongy bone known by?

A

Trabecular bone, Cancellous bone

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12
Q

Spongy bone has sponge like meshwork known as?

A

Trabeculae

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13
Q

What does spongy bone hold in it?

A

Blood vessels and marrow

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14
Q

What is the epiphyseal plate?

A

Hyaline cartilage plate in the metaphysis at each end of long bone

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15
Q

What is the epiphyseal line?

A

Epiphyseal plate in adults that have stopped growing

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16
Q

Where is the metaphysis located?

A

Between the epiphysis and the diaphysis

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17
Q

What are bones covered by?

A

Periosteum

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18
Q

What does the periosteum consist of in actively growing bones?

A

Outer fibrous layer of dense connective tissue with vessels and nerves, and in inner cellular layer of osteoprogenitor cells

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19
Q

What does the periosteum consist of in adult bones?

A

Mostly outer fibrous layer of dense CT with vessels and nerves, and PERIOSTEAL CELLS

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20
Q

What are articular surfaces of bones in moveable joints covered with?

A

Hyaline cartilage

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21
Q

What is the inner cellular layer of periosteum known as?

A

Osteogenic Layer

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22
Q

T or F: There are more cells in the inner cellular layer in grown adults than growing bones?

A

False, less cells in adults inner cellular layer

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23
Q

What direction do collagen fibers of tendons and ligaments run?

A

Obliquely into the bone

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24
Q

What is the predominant type of collagen fibers in ligaments and tendons?

A

Type 1 Collagen

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25
Q

Collagen fibers of ligaments and bone merges with collagen fibers of ?

A

Extracellular bone matrix

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26
Q

What are Sharpey fibers?

A

Anchoring fibers, or perforating fibers, extending from the periosteum to the outer circumferential and interstitial lamellae

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27
Q

Do Sharpey fibers enter the bones osteon?

A

No

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28
Q

What is the inner aspect of the bone called?

A

Endosteum

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29
Q

What does the endosteum consist of?

A

Osteoprogenitor cells, and endosteal cells

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30
Q

What are osteoprogenitor cells?

A

Undifferentiated mesenchymal cells that can differentiate into osteoblasts

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31
Q

Where do hemopoiesis occur?

A

Red bone marrow

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32
Q

What does red bone marrow consist of?

A

Blood cells in different stages of development, network of reticular cells and fibers

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33
Q

What does red bone marrow get replaced with in adults?

A

Yellow bone marrow, fat cells

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34
Q

Where can red bone marrow be found?

A

Spaces of spongy bone in the sternum and iliac crest

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35
Q

Does hemopoiesis occur in yellow bone marrow?

A

No

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36
Q

Can yellow bone marrow convert back to red marrow when stimulated?

A

Yes, EX. extreme blood loss

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37
Q

What is another name for mature bone?

A

Lamellar bone

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38
Q

What is the lamellar bone composed of?

A

Osteons or Haversian systems, interstitial lamellae, circumferential lamellae

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39
Q

What is lamella?

A

Plates of type I collagen fibers cemented by calcium hydroxyapatite crystals

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40
Q

What does collagen plates arranged in RIGHT angles provide?

A

Maximum strength to the bone

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41
Q

What is another name for immature bone?

A

Non lamellar bone, Woven bone

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42
Q

Where is woven bone found?

A

Fetus, remodels to become mature bone

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43
Q

What is woven bone composed of?

A

Type I collagen bundles randomly arranged, randomly arranged cells, more ground substance than mature bone

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44
Q

Where can woven bone be found in adults?

A

Alveolar sockets

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45
Q

What is an osteon?

A

Concentric lamellae of bone matrix

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46
Q

What does an osteon surround?

A

Osteonal cannal or Haversian canal

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47
Q

What does an osteonal cannal contain?

A

Blood vessels, nerves, connective tissue

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48
Q

Osteonal canals are lined with?

A

Endosteum

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49
Q

What do osteonal canals contain?

A

Osteoprogenitor cells and endosteal cells

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50
Q

How are osteons arranged?

A

Long axis is parallel to long axis of bone

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51
Q

Collagen in the concentric lamellae are laid?

A

Parallel to one another

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52
Q

What gives maximum strength to osteons?

A

Different direction arrangement in between osteons and adjacent lamellae

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53
Q

The boundary of the osteon is demarcated by?

A

Cement line

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54
Q

Osteons contain?

A

Lacunae, slender canaliculi

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55
Q

Where are osteocytes located?

A

Lacunae

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56
Q

What do slender canaliculi contain?

A

Processes of osetocytes

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57
Q

What do slender canaliculi provide?

A

Communication between osteocytes, passage of substances between osteocytes and blood vessels

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58
Q

How are slender canaliculi arranged?

A

Radial to haversian canal

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59
Q

What is the Volkmanns canal?

A

Channels that allow blood vesselsand nerves to travel from the periosteum and endosteum to reach haversian canal

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60
Q

What does the Volkmanns canal connect?

A

Haversian canals together

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61
Q

Volkmanns canals are lined with?

A

Endosteal cells, not surrounded by concentric lamellae

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62
Q

What is another name for Volkmanns canals?

A

Perforating Canals

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63
Q

What is interstitial lamellae?

A

Remnants of previous concentric lamellae

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64
Q

What matrix does spongy bone have?

A

Lamellate matrix

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65
Q

Can spongy bone contain osteons?

A

Only in thick trabeculae

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66
Q

Where are osteoprogenitor cells derived from?

A

Mesenchymal stem cells in bone marrow

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67
Q

What can osteoprogenitor cells differentiate into?

A

Osteoblasts, chondroblasts

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68
Q

Why are osteoprogenitor cells important?

A

Important for bone repair and cartilage formation in fracture sites

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69
Q

Where are osteoprogenitor cells found?

A

Inner cellular layer of periosteum, endosteal lining of haversians and volkmanns canals

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70
Q

What do osteoprogenitor cells looks like?

A

Flattened squamous cells, ovoid nucleus, inconspicuous cytoplasm

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71
Q

What do osteoblasts secrete?

A

Unmineralized bone matrix, osteoid (Type I collagen and bone matrix proteins)

72
Q

Bone matrix proteins:

A

Calcium binding proteins, multiadhesive glycoproteins, proteoglycans, alkaline phosphate

73
Q

What do osteoblasts intiate?

A

Mineralization of bone matrix

74
Q

Osteoblasts secrete small membrane bound matrix vesicles that contain?

A

Alkaline phosphate ALP

75
Q

Osteoblasts are secreted only when

A

Matrix is produced

76
Q

What do osteoblasts look like?

A

Cuboidal or polygonal, single layer of cells in apposition to newly forming bone

77
Q

Osteocytes are mature bone cells and

A

Non dividing

78
Q

What do osteocytes have radiating from body that extend into canaliculi?

A

Long cell processes

79
Q

Where do osteocytes live?

A

Individual lacunae

80
Q

How do osteocytes communicate with other cells?

A

Gap junctions

81
Q

How do osteocytes communicate with osteoblasts, endothelial cells, and pericytes of blood vessels?

A

Signaling molecules, Ex. nitric oxide

82
Q

What are the two types of bone lining cells?

A

Periosteal cells, endosteal cells

83
Q

How do bone lining cells communicate with each other and osteocytes?

A

Gap junctions

84
Q

Where are osteoclasts derived from?

A

Fusion of mononuclear hemopoietic cells (monocyte cell lineage)

85
Q

Where are osteoclasts located?

A

Sites where bone is resorbed

86
Q

What is resorption bay or Howships lacuna?

A

Shallow bays where osteoclasts rest directly on bone tissue, where resorption occurs

87
Q

What activates osteoclasts?

A

Osteoblasts

88
Q

What do actively resorbing osteoclasts show?

A

Ruffled border, clear zone or sealing zone, basolateral zone

89
Q

What does the ruffled border contain?

A

Numerous plasma membrane foldings

90
Q

What do the microvillous structures of the ruffled border provide?

A

Increased surface area for release of hydrolytic enzymes and exocytosis of degraded bone debris

91
Q

Clear zone or sealing zone does what?

A

Demarcates the bone area for resorption

92
Q

What does the clear zone or sealing zone have abundantly?

A

Actin filaments

93
Q

How are actin filaments arranged in the clear zone?

A

Ring like structure surrounded by actin binding proteins

94
Q

The plasma membrane of the osteoclasts forms a tight seal with?

A

Bone matrix

95
Q

What does the basolateral region function in?

A

Exocytosis of digested material

96
Q

Transport vesicles containing digested bone material fuse with cell membrane of the ______ to release contents

A

Basolateral region

97
Q

Osteoporosis

A

The imbalance between bone resorption and bone formation by osteoblasts

98
Q

What is osteoporosis exacerbated by?

A

Estrogen deficiency in postmenopausal women

99
Q

Hormone replacement therapy is effective in what disorder?

A

Osteoporosis

100
Q

Administration of calcitonin inhibits?

A

Bone resorption

101
Q

What is osteopetrosis?

A

Hereditary bone disease

102
Q

Failure of osteoclastic bone resorption leads to ?

A

Increased bone mass

103
Q

Remodeling of woven bone to compact bone is defective why?

A

Leads to greater bone fragility

104
Q

Intramembranous ossification is?

A

Mesenchymal tissue directly replaced by bone

105
Q

What is intramembranous ossification known as?

A

Membrane bone

106
Q

Examples of intramembranous ossification?

A

Bones of skull and face, mandible, flat portion of clavicle

107
Q

Endochondral ossification is?

A

A cartilage model serves as the precursor of bone

108
Q

Examples of endochondral ossification?

A

Long bones, vertebrae, pelvis

109
Q

When does intramembranous ossification begin?

A

8th week of gestation in embryonic mesenchyme

110
Q

Ossification center

A

Specific areas where mesenchymal cells migrate

111
Q

Cells in ossification centers elongate and become

A

Osteoprogenitor cells

112
Q

Osteoprogenitor cells differentiate into osteoblasts in presence of?

A

Transcription factor CBFA1
(core binding factor alpha 1)

113
Q

Osteoblasts secrete

A

Type I collagen and matrix proteins: osteoid

114
Q

T or F: Collagen fibers of osteoid form a woven network without a preferential orientation and lamellae are not present at this stage

A

True

115
Q

Osteoid later calcifies and the osteoblasts get trapped in lacunae and become?

A

Osteocytes-called woven bone

116
Q

In intramembranous ossification, osteocytes communicate with each other by

A

Cytoplasmic processes

117
Q

Newly formed bone appears as irregularly shaped

A

Trabecular or spicules

118
Q

Osteoblasts come into apposition with new bone and?

A

Add more bone matrix

119
Q

Further growth and remodeling of intramembranous ossification results in

A

Replacement of woven bone by compact bone in the periphery, spongy bone in center, spaces in between trabeculae become occupied by bone marrow

120
Q

When does endochondral ossification begin?

A

8th week of gestation

121
Q

Proliferation and aggregation of ______ cells are at the site of future bone

A

Mesenchymal cells

122
Q

Mesenchymal cells are under the influence of what during endochondral ossification?

A

Bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs)

123
Q

What do bone morphogenic proteins cause mesenchymal cells to do in endochondral ossification?

A

Differentiate into chondroblasts and express type II collagen

124
Q

Chondroblasts lay down?

A

Hyaline cartilage model of future bone

125
Q

How does hyaline cartilage model of future bone increase in length?

A

Interstitial growth

126
Q

How does hyaline cartilage model of future bone increase in width?

A

Appositional growth

127
Q

What happens after cartilage model of future bone is fully established?

A

Perichondrium stops producing chondrocytes and forms osteoblasts

128
Q

Osteoblasts lay down a cuff of bone around the mid part of cartilage model known as:

A

Bony collar

129
Q

Formation of bony collar is the FIRST sign of what?

A

Ossification

130
Q

How is bony collar formed?

A

By intramembranous ossification

131
Q

Once cartilage model is established, perichondrium is now called what?

A

Periosteum

132
Q

With the establishment of periosteal bony collar, what happens to chondrocytes in mid region of cartilage?

A

They hypertrophy

133
Q

What does hypertrophied chondrocytes cause?

A

Resorption of the cartilage matrix around large hypertrophied cells, leads to thin irregular cartilage plates between cells

134
Q

Large hypertrophied cells secrete

A

Alkaline phosphates

135
Q

What do alkaline phosphates do for large hypertrophied cells?

A

Leads to calcification of the bone matrix

136
Q

Calcified cartilage matrix inhibits what?

A

Diffusion of nutrients

137
Q

Diffusion of nutrients is inhibited in cartilage matrix and leads to

A

Death of chondrocytes in cartilage model

138
Q

Chondrocyte death leads to

A

Matrix breakdown, neighboring lacunae become confluent to produce large cavities, blood vessels grow in cavities through the bony collar

139
Q

Blood vessel growth into the cavity leads to migration of what two cell types into the cavity?

A

Periosteal mesenchymal cells that differentiate into osteoprogenitor cells, and Hemopoietic stem cells that give rise to blood cells

140
Q

Osteoprogenitor cells make contact with calcified cartilage spicules and become?

A

Osteoblasts

141
Q

Osteoblasts lay down osteoid on cartilage spicule framework of _____bone

A

Endochondral

142
Q

What is the primary ossification center?

A

First site where bone begins to form in the diaphysis of a long bone

143
Q

What is mixed spicule?

A

Combination of bone and underlying cartilage

144
Q

What happens in a mixed spicule?

A

Calcified cartilage component gets removed and remaining bone component may continue to grow by appositional growth or undergo resorption

145
Q

Where does ossification spread to from the primary ossification center?

A

Until entire mid part of cartilage model is replaced by bone, called the diaphysis

146
Q

Cartilage remaining at each end of the bone in the cartilage model is known as

A

Proximal and distal epiphyseal cartilage

147
Q

When and where does the secondary ossification center form?

A

After birth, Proximal epiphyseal plate

148
Q

Why does secondary ossification center happen?

A

Due to hypertrophy, degeneration, and calcification of epiphyseal cartilage
(Leads to formation of bone trabeculae and marrow)

149
Q

Where does cartilage from the original model remain?

A

At the end of the bone, known as articular cartilage

150
Q

Epiphyseal growth plate or disc is located?

A

Between the epiphyseal and diaphyseal cavities, known as a transverse disc

151
Q

Secondary ossification center in the DISTAL epiphyseal cartilage develops when?

A

At a later time

152
Q

Growth in length of a long bone is dependent on?

A

Epiphyseal growth plate

153
Q

When does the endochondral bone growth in long bones occur?

A

Begins 2nd trimester and continues into early adulthood

154
Q

During growth at epiphyseal plate, the thickness of the growth plate remains?

A

Constant

155
Q

During growth at epiphyseal plate, amount of new cartilage equals?

A

Amount of cartilage resorbed

156
Q

During growth at epiphyseal plate, resorbed cartilage is replaced by?

A

Spongy bone

157
Q

A growing epiphyseal plate shows 5 distinct zones of

A

Cellular arrangement

158
Q

What are the 5 zones of cellular arrangement

A

Resting Zone, Proliferation Zone, Hypertrophic Zone, Calcification Zone, Resorption Zone

159
Q

Resting Zone:

A

No cell proliferation or matrix production

160
Q

Proliferation Zone:

A

Chondrocytes are larger than reserve zone chondrocytes, they divide and get organized into columns, and actively produce cartilage matrix

161
Q

Hypertrophic Zone:

A

Greatly enlarged chondrocytes, have clear cytoplasm, continue to secrete cartilage matrix

162
Q

Why do chondrocytes in hypertrophic zone have clear cytoplasms?

A

Due to glycogen accumulation

163
Q

Cartilage matrix get pressed into bands between chondrocytes, in what zone?

A

Hypertrophic Zone

164
Q

Calcification Zone:

A

Cartilage matrix is calcified, hypertrophic cells degenerate

165
Q

Resorption Zone:

A

Osteoprogenitor cells differentiate into osteoblasts and lay down osteoid on calcified cartilage spicules, and mixed spicules are formed

166
Q

Where is the resorption zone located?

A

Near diaphysis, calcified cartilage is in direct contact with connective tissue of marrow cavity

167
Q

As bone is laid down on calcified spicules, cartilage is resorbed, leaving?

A

Spongy bone

168
Q

Spongy bone is remodeled through?

A

Osteoclastic activity and new bone formation

169
Q

When spongy bone is being formed, at the epiphyseal end the new cartilage matrix is formed to maintain _______ of epiphyseal plate

A

Thickness

170
Q

What causes the actual lengthening of bone?

A

New cartilage matrix formation in epiphysis, pushes the epiphysis away from the diaphysis and elongates the bone

171
Q

Growth in width or increase in diameter occurs by?

A

Appositional growth

172
Q

What does appositional growth do to increase width of bone?

A

Periosteal cells differentiate into osteoblasts, osteoblasts form bony ridges, ridges enclose blood vessels, concentric lamellae of bone is laid down to form osteon

173
Q

What happens when an individual reaches maximal growth?

A

Proliferation of the new cartilage in epiphyseal plate terminates, cartilage that has already been produced continues to deposit until none is left to deposit

174
Q

Epiphyseal line in adults is ?

A

Site of epiphyseal cartilage, where epiphyseal and diaphyseal marrow cavities become confluent

175
Q

A haversian canal with its encircling lamellae is known as?

A

Osteon

176
Q

What is the function of canaliculi?

A

Passage of diffusion of nutrients to the osteocytes

HHP (17 decks)

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