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HHP > Eye > Flashcards

Eye Flashcards

1
Q

What is in the aqueous chamber?

A

Anterior chamber, posterior chamber, aqueous humor

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2
Q

What is in the vitreous chamber?

A

Region posterior to lens, contains vitreous body that fills the cavity

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3
Q

What are the three concentric tunics of the eye?

A

Fibrous tunic, uvea/vascular tunic, retinal tunic

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4
Q

What is in the fibrous tunic?

A

Sclera, cornea

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5
Q

What is in the uvea/fibrous tunic?

A

Choroid, ciliary body, iris

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6
Q

What is in the retinal tunic?

A

Outer pigmented layer, inner neural layer

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7
Q

What is the cornea?

A

Transparent structure, lacks blood vessels and lymph, highly sensitive with rich nerve supply

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8
Q

What clinical correlate is special regarding the cornea?

A

Easy for transplant with little risk of rejection by hosts immune system due to lack of blood vessels and lymphatics

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9
Q

How does the cornea retain moistness from tear film?

A

Microvilli

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10
Q

What are the 5 layers of the cornea?

A

Corneal epithelium
Bowmans membrane
Stroma
Descemets membrane
Corneal endothelium

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11
Q

What is the corneal epithelium lined with?

A

Stratified squamous non keratinized

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12
Q

What are cells attached by in corneal epithelium?

A

Desmosomes

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13
Q

What do the nuclei of the corneal epithelium contain?

A

Ferritin, iron storage protein, protects corneal DNA from free radical damage from UV light

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14
Q

What does the corneal epithelium have a rich supply of that trigger blinking reflex?

A

Free nerve endings

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15
Q

What is the limbus or corenosclera junction?

A

Site when the sclera becomes the cornea, epithelium continues with the conjunctiva epithelium that covers the sclera

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16
Q

How do minor injuries of the cornea heal rapidly?

A

Migration of the cells from limbus junction

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17
Q

Where are hemidesmosomes present in the cornea?

A

Between basal layer of cells and the underlying basal lamina

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18
Q

How is the basal lamina of cornea attached to underlying stroma?

A

Anchoring fibrils
Anchoring filaments
Anchoring plaques
Keratin filaments

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19
Q

What is the corneal bowmans membrane?

A

Layer of dense accumulation of interwoven collagen fibrils, connective tissue, *free of cells

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20
Q

Can the bowmans membrane regenerate?

A

No, if damaged, vison will be impaired

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21
Q

When does the bowmans membrane end?

A

Ends at corneosclera junction limbus

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22
Q

What is the function of the bowmans membrane?

A

Provides support to the epithelium, acts as a barrier to spread of infections

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23
Q

What is the corneal stroma/substantia propria?

A

Thin lamellae consisting of parallel bundles of collagen fibrils, type 1 and 5 collagen.
Devoid of blood vessels or lymphatics
Between lamellae are sheets of slender fibroblasts called keratocytes

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24
Q

What is function of keratocytes in corneal stroma?

A

Produce extracellular ground substance which contains lumican and keratocan

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25
Q

What does type 5 collagen and ground substance do for the corneal stroma?

A

Regulate the precise diameter and spacing of the collagen fibrils

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26
Q

Where is the corneal stroma derived from?

A

Neural crest

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27
Q

What is the descemets membrane ?

A

Type 4 collagen, represents basal lamina to endothelial cells, PAS positive stain

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28
Q

What does the descemets membrane separate in the cornea?

A

The corneal endothelium from the adjacent stroma

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29
Q

What does the descemets membrane extend to be, peripherally beneath sclera meshwork?

A

Pectinate ligament

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30
Q

What does pectinate ligament do for the cornea?

A

Helps maintain normal curvature of cornea

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31
Q

What is the cornea endothelium?

A

Single layer of squamous cells, covers corneal surface that faces the anterior chamber

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32
Q

What are cells attached by in the corneal endothelium?

A

Zonula adherents
Zonula occludens
Desmosomes

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33
Q

What do the cells of corneal endothelium contain?

A

Mitochondria, vesicles, rER and golgi, Na/K ATPase pumps on lateral plasmalemma

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34
Q

What is the sclera made up of?

A

Dense connective tissue, scattered fibroblasts, fine network of elastic fibers and ground substance

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35
Q

What are the three layers of the sclera?

A

Episclera
Sclera Proper
Lamina Fusca/Suprachoroid lamina

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36
Q

What is the episclera layer of the sclera?

A

External layer, loose connective tissue

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37
Q

What is the sclera proper of sclera called?

A

Tennons capsule

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38
Q

What is the sclera proper/tennons capsule?

A

Dense network of thick collagen fibers, dense collagen

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39
Q

What is the lamina fusca/suprachoroid lamina of the sclera?

A

Thin collagen fibers, melanocytes, elastic fibers
Adjacent to choroid

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40
Q

What does the conjunctiva cover?

A

Anterior part of sclera and lines the eyelids

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41
Q

When does the avascular cornea stroma transition abruptly to a well vascularized stroma, and corneal collagen fibers merge with those of the sclera?

A

Corneoscleral junction/limbus

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42
Q

Where are the descemets membrane and its simple endothelium replaced with the trabecular meshwork?

A

At the corneosclera junction/limbus

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43
Q

What does the trabecular meshwork merge to form a larger space of in the scleral venous sinus?

A

Canal of Schlemm

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44
Q

What is aqueous humor produced by?

A

Ciliary processes

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45
Q

What is process of aqueous humor drainage?

A

Aqueous humor leaves ciliary processes and passes through the posterior chamber to get to the anterior chamber, where it passes through the trabecular meshwork into the canal of Schlemm, fluid then enters collecting veins in the sclera

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46
Q

What is glaucoma caused by?

A

Hindrance of drainage of aqueous humor from anterior chamber, can be caused by obstruction of the trabecular meshwork or obstruction of canal of schlemm

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47
Q

What are the two types of glaucoma?

A

Primary open angle
Acute angle closure/closed angle

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48
Q

What is primary open angle glaucoma?

A

Slow process, drainage channels and canal of schlemm get blocked

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49
Q

What is acute angle closure/closed angle glaucoma?

A

Serious with sudden onset of vision loss
Occurs when the iridocorneal angle is more narrow than usual, this obstructs the aqueous humor drainage at the trabecular meshwork

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50
Q

What does the middle uveal tunic form?

A

Forms the pigmented vascularized tunic of the eye, three parts: iris, ciliary body, choroid

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51
Q

What is the iris?

A

Arises from the anterior border of the ciliary body, forms a contractile diaphragm, has a central aperture called the Pupil

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52
Q

What does the anterior surface of the iris consist of?

A

Matted layer of interdigitating fibroblasts and melanocytes, marked with ridges and grooves due to this, no epithelium, exposed to aqueous humor in anterior chamber

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53
Q

What does the posterior surface of the iris consist of?

A

Double layer of pigmented cells: anterior and posterior

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54
Q

What does the anterior pigmented epithelium of the posterior surface of iris consist of?

A

Contractile myoepithelial cells, less heavily pigmented, comprise the dilator pupillae muscle

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55
Q

What is the dilator pupillae muscle supplied with?

A

Sympathetic nerves

56
Q

What does the posterior pigmented epithelium of the posterior surface of iris consist of?

A

Basal lamina faces the posterior chamber, very rich in melanin granules that protects the interior eye from an excess of light, continuation of the pigment layer of the ciliary epithelium

57
Q

What is the intermediate core of the iris?

A

Thick core of heavily vascularized connective tissue stroma, contains the sphincter pupillae muscle

58
Q

What is the sphincter pupillae muscle supplied with?

A

Parasympathetic nerves

59
Q

What is the Ora Serrata?

A

Marks the anterior limit of retina and choroid

60
Q

What are the radial ridges of the anterior third of the ciliary body called?

A

Ciliary processes

61
Q

What does the ciliary body stroma consist of?

A

Two layers:
Outer- smooth muscle called ciliary muscle, contraction changed the shape of the lens
Inner- vascular layer, extends into ciliary processes

62
Q

What is the epithelium of the ciliary body?

A

Double layer of low columnar pigmented and non pigmented epithelial cells

63
Q

Where is the epithelium of ciliary body derived from?

A

Two layers of optic cup

64
Q

The epithelial cells directly covering the stroma of the ciliary body contain lots of?

A

Melanin, corresponds to the anterior projection of the pigmented retina epithelium

65
Q

The surface layer of epithelial cells of the ciliary body lack?

A

Melanin, continuous with the sensory layer of the retina

66
Q

What are the functions of ciliary process epithelium?

A

Secretion of aqueous humor
Secretion and anchoring of zonular fibers, forms suspensory ligaments of lens
Major component of blood aqueous barrier

67
Q

What junctional complexes does the blood aqueous barrier have?

A

Tight junctions between non pigmented epithelial cells

68
Q

Where are the zonular fibers produced from?

A

Non pigmented cells of the epithelium in ciliary process

69
Q

What is role of zonular fibers?

A

Anchors the lens in the center of ciliary body

70
Q

What do zonular fibers attach to?

A

The fibrous ECM of the lens capsule

71
Q

What does the choroid consist of?

A

Loose, well vascularized connective tissue, numerous melanocytes

72
Q

What is the role of melanocytes in the choroid?

A

Prevent light from entering eye except through the pupil

73
Q

What are the two layers of the choroid?

A

Choroidocapillary lamina/Vascular layer
Bruch membrane

74
Q

What is the choroidocapillary lamina/vascular layer of choroid?

A

Rich microvasculature- important for nutrition to the outer retinal layers
Melanocytes

75
Q

What is the bruch membrane of the choroid?

A

Acellular, collagen and elastic fibers, thin extracellular sheet between vascular layer and pigment layer of retina

76
Q

Where is the inner tunic derived from?

A

Inner and outer layer of optic cup

77
Q

What does the retinal pigment layer of the inner tunic attach to?

A

Attach to bruch membrane and choroidocapillary lamina of choroid

78
Q

What does neural retina layer of inner tunic consist of?

A

Inner layer, stratified layer with neurons and photoreceptors

79
Q

What does the retinal pigment layer of the inner tunic consist of?

A

Outer layer, simple cuboidal, junctional complexes, gap junctions, basal folds with associated mitochondria

80
Q

What do the apical ends of the cells in retinal pigment epithelium extend?

A

Projections and processes that surround the tips of photoreceptors rods and cones and provides support

81
Q

What do the processes in retinal pigment epithelium consist of?

A

Melanin granules, lysosomes, perioxisomes, and abundant sER

82
Q

What does the sER of retinal pigment epithelium specialize in?

A

Retinal vitamin A isomerization, and supply it to photoreceptors

83
Q

What is the function of the retinal pigment epithelium?

A

Absorption of scattered light that passes through neural layer
Tight junctions contribute to form blood retina barrier
Restoration of photosensitivity to visual pigments that were dissociated in response to light
Phagocytosis and degradation of shed components
Removal of free radicals and secretion of GH

84
Q

What does the blood retina barrier do?

A

Isolated the retina photoreceptors from the highly vascularized choroid, regulates transport of ions between the two compartments

85
Q

What does the neural retina layer consist of?

A

9 distinct layers

86
Q

What does outer nuclear layer contain?

A

Cell bodies of photoreceptors

87
Q

What does inner nuclear layer contain?

A

Nuclei of bipolar cells, amacrine cells, horizontal cells

88
Q

What does ganglionic layer contain?

A

Neurons with long axons-Ganglion cells

89
Q

What layer do the ganglion cells make up?

A

Nerve fiber layer and converge to form the optic nerve

90
Q

What does the outer plexiform layer contain?

A

Axons of photoreceptors, dendrites of associated neurons in INL

91
Q

What does the inner plexiform layer contain?

A

Axons of connecting neurons in the INL, dendrites of the ganglion cells

92
Q

What does the rod and cone layer contain?

A

Polarized neurons, photosensitive portions aligned in the retinas rod and cone layer

93
Q

What is the muller cell?

A

Elongated glial cell, processes extend and span the entire thickness of neural retina

94
Q

What are the functions of the muller cell?

A

Maintain ionic environment
Provide neurotrophic substances
Remove waste products
Regulate water and ion homeostasis
Regulate blood flow
Form an inter blood retina barrier

95
Q

What are the two boundaries of muller cells?

A

Outer limiting layer, inner limiting membrane

96
Q

What is the outer limiting layer of muller cells?

A

Forms a well defined adherent junctions between muller cell and photoreceptor cells

97
Q

What is the inner limiting membrane of muller cells?

A

Terminal expansion of muller cell processes, cover the collagenous membrane of vitreous body, form the inner surface of the retina

98
Q

What is the ganglion cell layer?

A

Cell bodies of large multipolar nerve cells, nissl bodies

99
Q

What does the axon of ganglion cell do?

A

Passes through nerve fiber layer and then into optic nerve

100
Q

What do some ganglion cells serve as?

A

Nonvisual photoreceptors- detect changes in light quality and quantity during each 24 hour cycle, signals pass via axons of the retinohypothalamic tract to pineal gland, pineal gland secretes melatonin- helps establish bodies circadian rhythm

101
Q

What does the nerve fiber layer contain?

A

Axons from ganglion cells

102
Q

What are rod cells?

A

Extremely sensitive to light, function in low light
Secrete rhodopsin

103
Q

What is inner segment of rod cell?

A

Synthesizes rhodopsin, glycogen, mitochondira, polyribosomes

104
Q

What is outer segment of rod cell?

A

Flattened membranous discs, storage space for rhodopsin, initiates the visual stimulus

105
Q

What are cone cells?

A

Less sensitive to light, sensitive to bright light, essential for visual acuity and color vision, most sensitive to green blue and red

106
Q

What is inner segment of cone cell?

A

Synthesizes iodopsin

107
Q

What is outer segment of cone cell?

A

Stacked membranous continuous invaginations of plasma membrane , stores iodopsin

108
Q

What is fovea centralis?

A

Most acute and sharpest vision, very precise visual acuity

109
Q

What does fovea centralis consist of?

A

Cell bodies of ganglionic and inner nuclear layers are dispersed peripherally, only cone cells in this region, devoid of conducting neurons and capillaries

110
Q

What is macula lutea?

A

Yellow rim fat deposition surrounding fovea centralis

111
Q

What is optic disc?

A

Blind spot, where the axons converge to form optic nerve, nerve fibers originate in ganglionic cell layer

112
Q

What is the lamina cribrosa/cribriform plate?

A

The region of the sclera that contains the openings where the nerve fibers transverse through the sclera

113
Q

What does the lens do?

A

Focuses light onto retina

114
Q

What does lens contain?

A

Avascular tissue, highly elastic
Three principal components: Lens capsule, subscapular lens epithelium, lens fibers

115
Q

What is the lens capsule?

A

Composed of type 4 collagen and proteoglycans, provides attachment to ciliary zonular fibers

116
Q

Where is lens capsule derived from?

A

Basement membrane of embryonic lens vesicle

117
Q

What is the subscapular lens epithelium?

A

Single layer of cuboidal cells, present only on anterior surface of lens, epithelial cells divide and provide new cells at the equator, differentiate as lens fibers, allows the lens to grow at equator

118
Q

What are the lens fibers?

A

Terminally differentiated epithelial cells, cytoplasm becomes filled with proteins crystallin, organelles undergo autophagy, fibers are tightly packed together to form a transparent tissue specialized for light refraction

119
Q

What is lens held in place by?

A

Ciliary zonular fibers

120
Q

What does ciliary zonule fibers provide?

A

Process of visual accommodation, permit focusing near and far objects by changing curvature of lens

121
Q

What are the two portions of the eyelid?

A

Outer cutaneous portion, inner conjunctival portion

122
Q

What is outer cutaneous portion of eyelid lined with?

A

Stratified squamous keratinized, overlying loose connective tissue dermis and skeletal muscle orbicularis oculi

123
Q

What is inner conjunctival portion of eyelid lined with?

A

Thin mucus membrane, then conjunctiva

124
Q

What are the tarsal glands?

A

Sebaceous glands, holocrine section, produces oily layer on the surface of tear film that retards the evaporation of normal tear layer

125
Q

What are the glands of Zeis?

A

Modified sebaceous glands connected with and empty their secretion onto follicles of eyelashes

126
Q

What are glands of moll?

A

Modified apocrine sweat glands that secrete lipid that adds to the superficial layer of tear film

127
Q

What are the lacrimal glands?

A

Tubuloacinar serous glands with myoepithelial cells, produce tears with accessory lacrimal glands

128
Q

What do tears do for conjunctiva?

A

Keep the surface of conjunctiva and cornea moist and rinse of dust, tears protect the corneal epithelium and contain antibacterial and UV protective agents

129
Q

What does blinking result in?

A

Gentle compression of the lacrimal gland and release fluid

130
Q

What is lacrimal canaliculi lined with?

A

Stratified squamous epithelium

131
Q

What is lacrimal sac and nasolacrimal duct lined with?

A

Pseudostratified columnar ciliated epithelium

132
Q

What are the tears secreted by?

A

Lacrimal glands
Accessory lacrimal glands
Goblet cells of conjunctiva
Tarsal glands of the eyelid

133
Q

What proteins does the tear contain?

A

Tear albumin
Lactoferrin
Lysozyme
Immunoglobulin A
Mucins

134
Q

What is the conjunctiva?

A

Thin transparent mucosa, covers the exposed anterior portion of the sclera and continues as lining on inner surface of eyelids

135
Q

What is conjunctiva lined with?

A

Stratified columnar epithelium cells with numerous mucus secreting goblet cells (Palpebral conjunctiva)

136
Q

When does the conjunctiva become stratified squamous with goblet cells?

A

At the corneal rim (Bulbar conjunctiva)

HHP (17 decks)

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