Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

HHP > Ear > Flashcards

Ear Flashcards

1
Q

What are the three chambers of the ear?

A

External, middle, internal ear

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What does the auricle/pinna do?

A

Collects and amplifies sound

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What is the structure of external acoustic meatus?

A

Lateral one third is elastic cartilage, medial two thirds is bone, covered with skin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What does skin of lateral wall of external ear contain?

A

Hair follicles, sebaceous glands, ceruminous glands

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

How is cerumen made?

A

Secretions from apocrine ceruminous glands mix with secretions from the sebaceous glands and desquamated cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What important factor does cerumen have?

A

Antimicrobial properties with lubricating properties

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What is the middle ear known as?

A

Tympanic cavity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What is middle ear lined with?

A

Simple cuboidal epithelium

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What does the internal ear do?

A

Auditory sensory receptors convert sound energy to electrical impulses

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What do sensory receptors of vestibular system provide?

A

Responses to gravity movements of the head, maintain balance and equilibrium to help coordinate movements of head and eyes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What is main function of middle ear?

A

Convert sound waves arriving from external ear into mechanical vibrations that are transmitted to internal ear

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What three components does the middle ear consist of?

A

Three auditory ossicles, Malleus, Incus, Stapes
Muscles attached to ossicles
Round window
Oval window
Auditory/Eustachian tube

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What does auditory/eustachian tube do?

A

Connects middle ear to pharynx, vents middle ear by equalizing pressure of middle ear with atmospheric pressure

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What is auditory/eustachian tube lined with?

A

Ciliated pseudostratified columnar epithelium

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What is important clinical feature of auditory/eustachian tube?

A

Route for spread of infection from pharynx to middle ear- Otitis Media
Mastoiditis- System of air cells extends into mastoid portion of temporal bone from middle ear, epithelial lining of air cells is continuous with tympanic cavity, this continuation allows infections from middle ear to spread to mastoid air cells called Mastoiditis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What does tympanic membrane do?

A

Separates middle ear from external acoustic meatus, transmits sound waves to the ossicles of middle ear

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What are the layers of tympanic membrane?

A

Skin of external auditory canal, lined with simple squamous keratinized epithelium, fibers arranged radially
Epithelial lining on internal surface of low simple cuboidal, fibers arranged circularly

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What are the two labyrinth compartments of internal ear?

A

Bony labyrinth
Membranous labyrinth

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What are the three fluid filled spaces of the internal ear?

A

Endolymphatic space-endolymph
Perilymphatic space-perilymph
Cortilymphatic space-cortilymph

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Where is endolymph found?

A

In membranous labyrinth

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Where is perilymph found?

A

In between bony and membranous labyrinth

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Where is cortilymph found?

A

In inner tunnel and out tunnel of Corti

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What is composition of perilymph and cortilymph?

A

Exrtacellular fluid, high Na and low K

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

What is composition of endolymph?

A

Intracellular like fluid, high K and low Na

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

What is the vestibule?

A

Small chamber located in center of bony labyrinth, houses saccule and utricle, also contains round and oval windows

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

What do the semicircular canals open into?

A

Vestibule

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

How many orifices does the semicircular canals have opening into vestibule?

A

5

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

How many ampulla is located in semicircular canals?

A

3, one in each

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

What degree are semicircular canals arranged with eachother?

A

90 degree angles

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

How many turns does cochlea have?

A

2.75 - 60% of people
Range is 2.5-3

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

What is central spongy bone in cochlear called?

A

Modiolus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

What ganglion lies in the modiolus?

A

Sensory spiral ganglion, cell bodies of auditory nerve

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

What system are the membranous semicircular ducts, utricle, and saccule components of?

A

Vestibular system

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

What system is the membranous cochlear duct a component of?

A

Auditory system

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

Where are sensory hair cells located?

A

6 regions of the membranous labyrinth
3 in crista ampullaris of semicircular canals
2 in macula of saccule and utricle
1 in organ of corti

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

What is the function of crista ampullaris?

A

Detect angular acceleration, movement of head in all directions, balance/equilibrium

37
Q

What is function of maculae?

A

Detect linear acceleration, position of head, balance/equilibrium

38
Q

What is function of organ of Corti?

A

Hearing receptor

39
Q

What are maculae and where are they found?

A

Sensory thickenings of epithelium, Saccule and Utricle

40
Q

What nerve innervates maculae?

A

Vestibular nerve

41
Q

What cells does maculae consist of?

A

Hair cells types 1 and 2, supporting cells, afferent and efferent nerve ending

42
Q

What is the membrane that overlies the stereocilia of cells in maculae?

A

Otolithic membrane, gelatinous membrane of glycosaminoglycans

43
Q

What does otolithic membrane contain on top of it?

A

Otoconia, crystals of calcium carbonate and proteins

44
Q

Describe type 1 hair cells

A

Round bottom, flask shaped, surrounded by afferent nerve that engulfs entire cell, few efferent nerves

45
Q

Describe type 2 hair cells

A

Cylindrical, afferent nerve that only covers base, few efferent nerves

46
Q

What are hair cells considered?

A

Transducers, convert mechanical energy into electrical energy

47
Q

What important feature do both types of hair cells have ?

A

Stereocilia varying in size, one kenocilium in the back row

48
Q

What is kinocilia?

A

Single true cilium, 9+2 arrangement

49
Q

What is imaginary line in the middle of the maculae?

A

Striola

50
Q

What direction do hair cell cilia face in the utricle?

A

Towards the striola midline

51
Q

What direction do hair cell cilia face in the saccule?

A

Away from the striola midline

52
Q

When in anatomical position, what direction are the hair cells of utricle facing?

A

Nearly horizontal with the stereocilia oriented vertically

53
Q

When in anatomical position, what direction are the hair cells of saccule facing?

A

Vertical with the stereocilia oriented horizontally

54
Q

What is the crista ampullaris?

A

A sensory receptor for the angular movements of the head

55
Q

Where are crista ampullaris located?

A

In the ampulla of the semicircular ducts

56
Q

What cells does the crista ampullaris have?

A

Hair cells with stereocilia, type 1 and 2
Supporting cells

57
Q

What is the gelatinous protein polysaccharide mass attached to the hair cells?

A

Cupula, projects into lumen, surrounded by endolymph

58
Q

Does the endolymph move at the same speed of turning your head in the crista ampullaris, or in the same direction?

A

No, crista is attached to bony labyrinth, it will be swayed by lagging endolymph in opposite direction to the movement of head

59
Q

What are the three divisions of the cochlear canal?

A

Scala vestibuli
Scala media (cochlear duct)
Scala tympani

60
Q

Where does scala vestibuli begin?

A

Oval window

61
Q

Where does scala tympani end?

A

Round window

62
Q

What is the helicotrema?

A

Small channel located at the apex of the cochlear, where scala tympani and scala vestibuli communicate through

63
Q

What lumen is the scala media continuous with?

A

Saccule

64
Q

Where is the organ of corti housed?

A

Scala media

65
Q

What is the roof of scala media?

A

Reissners membrane/vestibular membrane

66
Q

What is the floor of scala media?

A

Basilar membrane

67
Q

What is the frequency at the narrow base of basilar membrane?

A

High frequency

68
Q

What is the frequency at the wider apex of basilar membrane?

A

Low frequency

69
Q

What is the lateral wall of the scala media?

A

Stria vascularis

70
Q

What is stria vascularis made of?

A

Three types of cells, rich network of capillaries

71
Q

What is main function of stria vascularis ?

A

Secrete endolymph

72
Q

What does stria vascularis sit on?

A

Spiral ligament

73
Q

What is menieres disease?

A

Displacement of the vestibular membrane due to over abundance of the endolymph in scala media

74
Q

What cells does spiral organ of corti hold?

A

Inner and outer hair cells, inner and outer phalangeal cells, inner and outer pillar cells

75
Q

How many rows do inner hair cells form in organ of corti?

A

One row

76
Q

How many rows do outer hair cells form in organ of corti?

A

3-5 rows

77
Q

What is special about the stereocilia connection to each other?

A

Hold tiplinks, when stereocilia are moved, the tiplinks open and let K into the cell, depolarization takes place

78
Q

What are outer hair cells of organ of corti supplied with?

A

Efferent nerves

79
Q

What is special about outer hair cells in organ of corti?

A

Able to contract, act as motor units that amplify the movement of basilar membrane in response to stimulus
Also able to produce sounds known as otoaucoustic emissions, tests neonates for hearing defects

80
Q

Do inner phalangeal cells completely surround the inner hair cells in organ of corti?

A

Yes

81
Q

What is important feature of outer phalangeal cells in organ of corti?

A

Sends apical processes towards the endolymphatic space, flattening at the apical end and form a complete plate surrounding the apex, called apical cuticular plate

82
Q

What is importance of apical cuticular plate?

A

Apical ends are bound together by tight junctions, forms the RETICULAR LAMINA/MEMBRANE, this ensures that the endolymph and corticolymph dont mix

83
Q

What do the inner pillar cells of the organ of corti rest on?

A

Tympanic lip of the spiral lamina

84
Q

What do the outer pillar cells of the organ of corti rest on?

A

Basilar membrane

85
Q

Where is the inner tunnel of corti located?

A

In between 2 sets of the pillar cells, filled with cortilymph

86
Q

What is the tectorial membrane attached to medially?

A

Modiolus

87
Q

What is the lateral free edge of the tectorial membrane attached to?

A

Extends over and attaches to stereocilia of inner and outer hair cells

88
Q

What is the tectorial membrane made of?

A

Type 2,5,9 collagen embedded in amorphous ground substance, contains glycoproteins similar to those in otolithic membrane

89
Q

What is the effect of tectorial and basilar membrane vibrating together when sound vibrations enter the ear?

A

Shearing effect of both membranes distorts the stereocilia of the hair cells, apical membrane of hair cells depolarize and results in neurotransmitter release and action potential in bipolar neurons of spiral ganglia

HHP (17 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions