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HHP > Connective Tissue > Flashcards

Connective Tissue Flashcards

1
Q

Connective Tissue

A

Provides structural and metabolic support to organs and other tissue types

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2
Q

Functions of connective tissue

A

Support, Packing, Storage, Transport, Repair, and Defense

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3
Q

Connective tissue is composed of Resident cells, and Wandering cells (transient)

A

Resident Cells- fibroblasts, adipocyte, macrophage, mesenchymal cell, mast cell
Wandering Cells- lymphocytes, plasma cells, eoisinophils, basophils, neutrophils, manocytes

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4
Q

Extracellular Matrix

A

Major constituent
Composed of Protein fibers (Morphous) such as collagen, elastic, reticular.
Also composed of Ground substances (Amorphous)

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5
Q

Embryonic Connective Tissue

A

Mesenchyme, Mucous connective tissue

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6
Q

Connective Tissue Proper

A

Loose connective tissue, Dense connective tissue-regular and irregular

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7
Q

Specialized Connective Tissue

A

Cartilage, Bone, Adipose Tissue, Blood, Hemopoietic Tissue, Lymphatic Tissue

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8
Q

Embryonic tissue Mesenchyme

A

Contains Elongate spindle shaped cells, loosely organized
Viscous ground substance
Few collagen fibers
Reticular Fibers

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9
Q

Mucous Connective Tissue

A

Principal component of umbilical cord
Consists of Wharton’s Jelly, which is rich in hyaluronan
Thin collagen fibers
Therapeutic potential in regenerative medicine

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10
Q

Loose Connective or Areolar Tissue

A

Thin, sparse collagen fibers, elastic fibers, cells
Used for diffusion of oxygen and nutrients from small blood vessels
Most of the cells are migratory

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11
Q

Loose Connective or Areolar Tissue

A

the site of inflammatory reactions-primarily between epithelia called lamina propira, also associated with epithelium of glands
surrounds small blood vessels

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12
Q

Dense connective tissue: two types

A

Dense regular and irregular connective tissue

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13
Q

dense regular connective tissue

A

Mostly bundles of Type 1 Collagen fibers and fibroblasts, they arranged parallel, which provides resistance to prolonged stress
Poorly vascularized-does not repair easily
Found in tensons, ligaments, aponeuroses

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14
Q

Where is dense regular connective tissue found in?

A

Tendons, ligaments, aponeuroses

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15
Q

Dense irregular Connective Tissue

A

Contains mostly collagen fibers, not as much ground resistance
Bundles of fibers are oriented in various direction, gives resistance to tearing when stretched
Found in reticular layer of dermis, submucosa of GI tract

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16
Q

Dense Irregular Connective Tissue can be found where?

A

Reticular layer of dermis of skin, submucosa of HI tract

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17
Q

Resident Cells Connective tissue exhibit what

A

Exhibit little movement, known as permanent residents of the tissue- fibroblasts and myofibroblasts, fixed histocytes, adipocytes, mast cells, undifferentiated mesenchyme cells

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18
Q

Wandering cells

A

Lymphocytes, plasma cells, eosinophils, basophils, neutrophils, monocytes

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19
Q

Fibrolblasts

A

Principal cell of connective tissue

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20
Q

fibroblasts synthesize:

A

Collagen, elastin, reticular fibers, complex carbohydrates of ground substance (GAG, multi-adhesive glycoproteins)

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21
Q

Fibroblast structure shows

A

morphological variation based on activity level:
Fibroblasts- intense synthetic activity
Fibrocyetes- are quiescent fibroblasts that are scattered in the matrix

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22
Q

Typical fibroblast structure holds

A

Spindle shaped, tapered off in both directions along axis of nucleus

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23
Q

Active Firboblasts

A

Basophilic cytoplasm

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24
Q

Inactive fibroblasts or fibrocytes

A

small cells, heterochromatic nucleus

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25
Q

Collagen Biosynthesis

A

Transcription of mRNA in the nucleus: genes for pro-a1 and pro-a2 chains are transcribed

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26
Q

translation of collagen biosynthesis is referred to as :

A

Pre-pro-polypeptide chain
Chain travels through rER for post translational modification

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27
Q

Post translational modification in rER- three major modifications are made to the pre-pro-polypeptide for it to become pro-collagen

A

-Signal peptide on the N-terminal is removed
-Lysine and proline residues get additional hydroxyl groups added via hydroxylase enzymes, which require Vitamin C as a cofactor
-Glycosylation of the hydroxyl groups on lysine with glactose and glucose b

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28
Q

Three of the hydroxylated and glycosylated pro-a-chains assemble by:

A

Twisting into a triple helix by zipper-like folding:
Pro-collagen
The pro-collagen molecule then moves into the Golgi apparatus:
Gets packaged into secretory vesicles:
Ready to enter the extracellular space

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29
Q

Collagen Biosynthesis- Protein cleavage

A

enzymes known as collagen peptidases cleave procollagens, molecules becomes Tropocollagen

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30
Q

Collagen fibril assembly

A

Lysine and hydroxylysines, and tropocollagens molecules form covalent bonding between them: collagen fibril

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31
Q

Myofibroblasts

A

implicated in wound contraction: results in wound closure

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32
Q

Myofibroblasts do not have external lamina

A
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33
Q

Myofibroblasts are located in

A

seminiferous tubules of the testis, beneath basal lamina

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34
Q

Myofibroblasts show characteristics of both fibroblasts and the smooth muscle cell:

A

Moderate amount of eER, comparable to fibroblasts
Filaments and dense bodies, comparable to smooth muscle cell

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35
Q

Macrohphages are also known as

A

Tissue Histiocytes

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36
Q

Macrophages are phagocytic cells derived from

A

monocytes

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37
Q

Macrophages display a large

A

kidney shaped nucleus

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38
Q

Types of macrophages

A

Classically Activated Macrophages (M1)-which destroy microorganism at site of inflammation
Alternatively Activated Macrophages (M2)- anti-inflammatory, promote wound repair, secrete multi-adhesive proteins

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39
Q

end digestion of macrophages is :

A

Product is exocytosed, or resist digestion and will remain in the cytoplasm as residual bodies

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40
Q

When macrophages encounter large foreign bodies

A

They may fuse to form a large cell, up to 100 nuclei, these cells are called LANGHAN’S CELLS or foreign body giant cells
Ex. of horseshoe nuclear array in tuberculosis

41
Q

Adipose or fat cells originate from

A

mesenchymal cells

42
Q

adipocytes

A

specialized to store fat

43
Q

two types of adipose tissue

A

white adipose tissue (unicellular)
brown adipose tissue (multicellular)

44
Q

white adipose tissue

A

predominant in adults

45
Q

brown adipose tissue

A

predominant in fetal life
postnatally reduces
present around internal organs

46
Q

Adipocyte stem cells form preadipocytes

A

develop within the lateral mesoderm: form white adipocytes and beige adipocytes

47
Q

beige adipocytes

A

have cytological features and gene expression patterns of both white and brown adipocytes

48
Q

Preadipocytes located in paraxial mesoderm form

A

brown adipocytes: remain multicellular, mitochondrial metabolism of lipid brown adipocytes releases
heat rather than ATP

49
Q

cells functioning as brown adipocytes can also develop from beige adipocytes during:

A

adaption to cold temperatures

50
Q

White adipose tissue is

A

unicellular, supplied with blood vessels and nerves
lipid drops are not membrane bound

51
Q

White adipose tissue

A

stores energy insulation and cushioning to vital organs

52
Q

white adipose tissue functions as major endocrine organ and produces:

A

(AGE) Angiotensionogen-controls blood pressure, frequent complication of obesity
Steroids-testosterone, estrogen, glucocorticoids
Leptin- polypeptide hormone, targest the hypothalamus, regulates eating behavoir

53
Q

Brown adipose tissue is

A

uncommon in adult humans, sole purpose is heat generation especially in hibernation, after birth, and during cold stress

54
Q

brown adipocytes in the adult human body, found only around deep structures (kidney)

A

associated with capillaries, direct sympathetic innervation
have many small lipid inclusions (multicellular)

55
Q

mast cells are

A

large ovoid connective tissue cells,
granulated cytoplasm, contain similar cytoplasmic granules (similar to basophils in blood)

56
Q

mast cells arise from

A

basophil/mast cell progenitors in bone marrow

57
Q

mast cells are a part of

A

innate immune system

58
Q

mast cells are found in

A

skin, gut, tissues near blood vessels and nerves

59
Q

mast cells respond to various stimuli and release inflammatory mediators

A

Histamine and Tryptase

60
Q

mast cells produce 2 categories of inflammatory mediators

A

Performed mediators and newly synthesized mediators

61
Q

mast cells performed mediators

A

histamines-make blood vessels leaky, cause edema, increase mucus production
serine proteases: Typtase and Chymase- generates angiotesin II in vascular injury, activates MMPs and induces apoptosis
Eosinophil adn neutrophil chemotactic factors
Heparin

62
Q

mast cells newly synthesized mediators

A

leukotriene C-product of which cause bronchospasm and recruit eosinophils
Tumor Necrosis Factor alpha- major cytokine, produce by mast cells
Several interleukins

63
Q

undifferentiated mesenchymal cells

A

found in adult loose connective tissue

64
Q

undifferentiated mesenchymal cells function in

A

wound healing, development of new blood vessels

65
Q

undifferentiated mesenchymal cells have Pericytes, also called

A

adventitial cells or perivascular cells, found around capillaries and venules
wrapped around capillaries

66
Q

lymphocytes

A

principally involved in immune responses

67
Q

normally small number are found in all connective tissue

A

increases dramastically at sites of inflammation
most numerous in lamina propria of respiratory and GI tracts

68
Q

lymphocytes are small cells

A

deeply staining nucleus

69
Q

three types of lymphocytes

A

B cells-originate in bone marrow, can differentiate into plasma cells, secrete antibodies
T cells-originate in bone marrow, mature in thymus, function in cell mediated immunity, naice, effector, memory
Natural killer cells or NK cells-destroy virus infected and some tumor cells

70
Q

lymphocytes function in

A

adaptive immunity

71
Q

Plasma Cells

A

derived from B lymphocytes, produce antibodies

72
Q

plasma cells distribution

A

in lamina propria of GI tract, and respiratory tract

73
Q

plasma cells are in lamina propria of

A

urogenital tract, salivary glands, lymph nodes, hemopoietic tissue

74
Q

plasma cells structure

A

cytoplasm-strongly basophilic due to high developed rER
extensive golgi complex

75
Q

plasma cell structure

A

nucleus is large, spherical, large clumps of heterochromatin alternated with euchromatin-cartwheel or clock face arrangement
prominent nucleolus

76
Q

each PLASMA cell makes large amount of mostly one type of protein

A

a specific antibody

77
Q

eosinophils, basophils, neutrophils, and monocytes

A

cells rapidly mirgate from blood to connective tissue in response to- injury and inflammation, especially neutrophils followed by monocytes
monocytes differentiate into macrophages
Structural details of these cells will be done in the secretion on blood

78
Q

extracellular matrix of connective tissue are major constituent of

A

connective tissue

79
Q

extracellular matrix consists of

A

protein fibers- collagen fibers, elastic fibers, reticular fibers
Ground substance- proteoglycans, GAGs, multiadhesive glycoproteins such as laminin, and fibronectin

80
Q

collagen fibers

A

Most important!
most abundant fibers of connective tissues
appear wavy in LM
stain easily with Eosin, and other acidic dyes

81
Q

collagen fibers in TEM

A

fibers are made up of fine fibrils
fibrils exhibit a 68nm banding pattern, due to precipitation to TEM stain

82
Q

collagen breakdown has two types

A

proteolytic degradation- occurs outside the cell via matrix metalloproteinases MMPs, invasive cancer cells secrete MMPs to break down ECM
Phagocytic degradation-macrophages or fibroblasts phagocytize and degrade collagen

83
Q

collagen fiber types

A

29 types, type I to type XXIX

84
Q

type 1 collagen

A

most common,
occurs in loose and dense connective tissue and bone

85
Q

scurry-vitamin c levels are low

A

collagen will not be formed properly, not enough collagen, bleeding from gums symptoms

86
Q

osteogenesis imperfecta of collagen type I

A

mutation of type I collagen gene: repeated fractures after minor trauma, brittle bones, thin skin, abnormal teeth

87
Q

type II collagen present in

A

cartilage (hyaline, elastic, and firbo
Vitreous body of the eye

88
Q

Kniest dysplasia type II collagen

A

mutation of type II collagen gene- short stature, restricted joint mobility, occular changes leading to blindness, wide metaphyses
holes in the cartilage on xray

89
Q

type III collagen

A

also known as reticular fibers
synthesized by fibroblasts in connective tissue, reticular cells in bone marrow, smooth muscle cells

90
Q

ehlers-danlos syndrome
13 different types

A

mutation of collagen genes, type I, typeIII, type IV, and type V mostly
hypermobility of joints of digits (Type III)
rupture of vessels and internal organs (type IV)

91
Q

ehlers-danlos syndrome
13 different types

A

mutation of collagen genes, type I, typeIII, type IV, and type V mostly
hypermobility of joints of digits (Type III)
rupture of vessels and internal organs (type IV)

92
Q

Type IV collagen

A

present as meshwork sheets in basal lamina/external lamina
synthesized by- epithelial cells, muscle cells, schwann cells

93
Q

Alport Syndrome

A

hematuria resulting from structural changes in glomerular basement membrane of kidney, progressive hearing loss

94
Q

Type V collagen

A

present in fibers in dense irregular connective tissue, placenta, blood vessel walls, bone

95
Q

Classic Ehlers Danlos Syndrome

A

hypermobility of joints of digits, fragile skin, delayed wound healing

96
Q

Type VII collagen

A

known as anchoring fibrils
present in epidermal dermal interface
synthesized by fibroblasts

97
Q

Dystrophic epidermolysis bullosa including kindler syndrome

A

severe blistering and scarring of the skin after minor trauma, resulting from absence of anchoring fibers

98
Q

elastic fibers

A

thinner than type I collagen fibers

HHP (17 decks)

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