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HHP > Cartilage > Flashcards

Cartilage Flashcards

1
Q

What is cartilage a key tissue in?

A

Fetal development and growing bones

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2
Q

What is the cartilage matrix made of?

A

Chondrocyte cells and an extensive extracellular matrix

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3
Q

What function does the extracellular matrix account for?

A

Resilience in cartilage

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4
Q

How does the chondrocytes obtain their nutrients?

A

Diffusion by ECM, ECM is crucial for survival of chondrocytes

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5
Q

What is the extracellular matrix composed of?

A

Mostly collagen fibers, and Ground substance (proteoglycan aggregates)

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6
Q

What is glycosaminoglycan?

A

Complex polysaccharides containing amino groups

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7
Q

What are proteoglycan aggregates?

A

Glycosaminioglycans GAGs, linked to a core protein

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8
Q

Example of glycosaminoglycan?

A

Chondroitin sulfates

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9
Q

Proteoglycan aggregates permit the diffusion of nutritive substances from?

A

Blood vessels in surrounding connective tissue to chondrocytes

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10
Q

What is most of ECM made of?

A

Water

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11
Q

What components of cartilage makes it an excellent shock absorber?

A

Extracellular water, resilient and shock absorber

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12
Q

What component of cartilage binds extracellular water?

A

Glycosaminoglycans

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13
Q

Which proteoglycan is primarily present in hyaline cartilage?

A

Aggrecans

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14
Q

Which cartilage has Type 1 collagen?

A

Fibrocartilage

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15
Q

What do chondrocytes secrete?

A

Type II Collagen

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16
Q

What does Hyaline cartilage ECM contain?

A

Type II collagen, proteoglycans in form of aggrecans, multiadhesive proteins

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17
Q

What does Elastic cartilage ECM contain?

A

Elastic fibers, elastic lamellae, type II collagen, proteoglycans, and multiadhesive proteins

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18
Q

What does Fibrocartilage ECM contain?

A

Type I collagen, Type II collagen, proteoglycans, multiadhesive proteins

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19
Q

What do fibroblasts secrete?

A

Type I Collagen

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20
Q

What does type I collagen provide?

A

Tensile strength

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21
Q

Where is hyaline cartilage found?

A

Nose, articular joints, costal cartilage, trachea ring, larynx, bronchi of lung, epiphyseal plate of long bone

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22
Q

Where is elastic cartilage found?

A

Pinna of ear, epiglottis, external acoustic meatus, auditory tube

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23
Q

Where is fibrocartilage found?

A

Meniscus, pubic symphasis, intervertebral discs, temperomandibular joint, triangular complex of wrist

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24
Q

Where do chondrocytes live in?

A

Lacunae

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25
Q

Chondrocytes produce what?

A

Extracellular matrix

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26
Q

Chondrocytes are formed in what type of arrangement?

A

Hexagonal arrangement of fibrils

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27
Q

What does type X collagen do?

A

Organizes fibrils into three dimensional hexagonal lattice

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28
Q

What does type XI collagen do?

A

Regulates fibril size

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29
Q

What does type IX collagen do?

A

Facilitates fibril interaction with matrix proteoglycan

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30
Q

Clusters of isogenous groups indicates?

A

Cells are dividing and increase size of cartilage

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31
Q

Multiadhesive glycoproteins are what?

A

Branches oligosaccharides or Non proteoglycan linked glycoproteins

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32
Q

What does multiadhesive glycoproteins do?

A

Influence the interaction between chondrocytes and matrix molecules

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33
Q

Anchorin CII does what?

A

Helps anchor chondrocytes to the matrix, functions as a collagen receptor on chondrocytes

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34
Q

What is clinical value of multiadhesive glycoproteins?

A

Used as markers to detect cartilage turnover and degeneration

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35
Q

Collagen fibrils (15%) provide?

A

Tensile strength and shape, bind aggrecans and support them, *provides a framework to resist swelling pressure caused by aggrecans

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36
Q

Aggrecans (9%) provide?

A

Bind water molecules with high affinity
(60-80% of water)

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37
Q

What does a hydrated ECM provide?

A

Resilience and diffusion of metabolites

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38
Q

Functions of type II collagen in hyaline cartilage?

A

Provides shape, tensile strength, provides framework to resist swelling pressure

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39
Q

Hyaline cartilage ECM can undergo calcification and cause what?

A

Leads to chondrocytic cell death, seen with aging process

40
Q

What characteristics does sulfated ground substance of matrix show?

A

Basophilia, metachromasia (similar to mast cell), and variable stain intensity- provides info about distribution and relative concentration of sulfated proteoglycans

41
Q

More ground substance in ?

A

Dark areas of cartilage

42
Q

What is pericellular matrix?

A

Ring of densely staining matrix around chondrocytes

43
Q

What does pericellular matrix contain?

A

Highest concentration of proteoglycan hyaluronan and multiadhesive glycoproteins

44
Q

What type of collagen is found in pericellular matrix?

A

ONLY type VI collagen, anchors chondrocytes to matrix

45
Q

What does territorial matrix contain?

A

Randomly arranged type II collagen fibrils, lower concentration of sulfated proteoglycans than pericellular matrix

46
Q

What does interterritorial matrix contain?

A

Type II collagen, lowest concentration of proteoglycans

47
Q

Where does type II collagen assemble?

A

Interterritorial matrix

48
Q

Where does interstitial growth take place?

A

In isogenous groups of chondrocytes

49
Q

What do active chondrocytes display?

A

Basophilic cytoplasm (indicating active protein synthesis), lots of golgi and rER

50
Q

What do older chondrocytes display?

A

Lipid droplets, stores of glycogen

51
Q

What are the functions of chondrocytes in hyaline cartilage?

A

Secrete collagens type II, VI, IX, X, and XI, glycosaminolycans, multiadhesive glycoproteins

52
Q

Hyaline cartilage is covered by?

A

Perichondrium, connective tissue cover

53
Q

What is perichondrium?

A

Layer of dense connective tissue that surrounds hyaline and elastic cartilage

54
Q

Where is the chondrogenic layer located?

A

Layer closest to chondrocytes

55
Q

What is perichondrium rich in?

A

Blood vessels, permits diffusion of nutrients and waste products between perichondrium and cartilage matrix

56
Q

The perichondrium has two layers?

A

Chondrogenic layer (inner cellular layer) and the outer fibrous layer

57
Q

What is appositional growth?

A

Chondrogenic layer deposits extracellular layer from the outside

58
Q

What cells are present in the chondrogenic layer?

A

Progenitor cells

59
Q

Where is perichondrium absent in?

A

Articular cartilage

60
Q

Articular cartilage is ?

A

Hyaline cartilage covering articular surface of synovial joints

61
Q

What is Osteoarthritis?

A

Disease of articular cartilage, ECM is degraded by metalloproteinases

62
Q

What happens when matrix metalloproteinase enzyme activity enhances?

A

Results in breakdown of proteoglycans and collagen, loss of cartilage, bone on bone contact

63
Q

What does elastic cartilage matrix contain?

A

Dense network of branching and anastomosing elastic fibers and sheets of elastic material

64
Q

What does elastic material provide?

A

Cartilage elasticity

65
Q

T or F: Elastic cartilage can undergo calcification?

A

False

66
Q

What is fibrocartilage?

A

Combination of dense regular connective tissue and hyaline cartilage

67
Q

In fibrocartilage, chondrocytes are dispersed among collagen fibers in?

A

Single rows or isogenous groups

68
Q

What does fibrocartilage consist of?

A

Chondrocytes that produce type II collagen, and fibroblasts that produce type I collagen

69
Q

Is fibrocartilage covered with perichondrium?

A

No

70
Q

What is chondrogenesis?

A

Process of cartilage formation

71
Q

What is a chondrogenic nodule?

A

Chondroprogenitor mesenchymal cells aggregate into a mass of rounded cells

72
Q

What does expression of transcription factor SOX-9 trigger?

A

Chondrogenic nodule to differentiate into chondroblasts

73
Q

What do chondroblasts secrete?

A

Cartilage matrix

74
Q

Where does cartilage arise from in the head region?

A

Ectomesenchyme, derived from embryonic neural crest cells

75
Q

Chondroblasts move around while?

A

Matrix is being deposited

76
Q

When completely surrounded by matrix, chondroblasts are called?

A

Chondrocytes

77
Q

Multiplication of chondrocytes within matrix forms?

A

Isogenic cell clusters surrounded by territorial matrix

78
Q

Mesenchymal tissue immediately around chondrogenic nodule forms?

A

Perichondrium

79
Q

What is appositional growth?

A

New cartilage forms on surface of existing cartilage

80
Q

Where are new cartilage cells derived from?

A

Inner portion of perichondrium, chondrogenic layer

81
Q

What is interstitial growth?

A

New cartilage arises from the division of chondrocytes within lacunae

82
Q

What happens with continued matrix secretion of cells?

A

Cells continue to move farther apart

83
Q

Where does major interstitial growth take place?

A

Growth plates of bones

84
Q

Why does cartilage repair have limited ability?

A

Avascularity, immobility of chondrocytes, limited ability of chondrocyte proliferation

85
Q

What cartilage repair complications happen in adults?

A

New blood vessel formation at site of healing wound, blood vessels stimulate bone formation instead of cartilage repair

86
Q

What is hyaline cartilage calcification?

A

Calcium phosphate crystals become embedded in the cartilage matrix

87
Q

When does calcification occur?

A

Growing and adult bones, endochondrial ossification during growth, aging process

88
Q

What happens when cartilage is calcified?

A

Diffusion is impaired and chondrocytes swell and die. Results in removal of calcified matrix and replaced by bone tissue.

89
Q

Removal of calcified cartilage matrix is done by?

A

Phagocytes (chondroclasts, osteoclasts)

90
Q

Aggrecan hyaluronan aggregates have what features?

A

Chondroitin sulphate, keratan sulfate, connected to core protein, all 3 linked to hyaluronan sulfate

91
Q

What best describes hyaline cartilage?

A

Surrounded by perichondrium, except at articular surfaces

92
Q

A breakdown of nasal cartilage would release primarily which collagen type?

A

Type II collagen

93
Q

Where is fibrocartilage found?

A

Annulus Fibrosus

94
Q

Stain intensity differences in an H&E stained hyaline cartilage is attributed to ?

A

Concentration of GAGs

95
Q

What best describes the cartilage?

A

Often occurs in the thin plates or sheets

HHP (17 decks)

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