Nervous 1 Flashcards
1
Q
the primary control center for coordinating all body activities.
A
Nervous system
2
Q
It receives sensory input, processes information, and initiates responses.
A
nervous system
3
Q
Ensures homeostasis and supports complex mental activities.
A
Nervous system
4
Q
Functions of the Nervous system
A
Sensory input
Integration
Motor output
Homeostasis
Mental activity
5
Q
Collects data from internal and external environments.
A
Sensory input
6
Q
Receptors detect stimuli (light, temperature, pain, etc.).
A
Sensory input
7
Q
Information is transmitted to the brain and spinal cord via sensory neurons.
A
Sensory input
8
Q
Processes sensory information and makes
decisions.
A
Integration
9
Q
Processes sensory information and makes
decisions.
A
Integration
10
Q
The nervous system interprets and integrates sensory input.
A
Integration
11
Q
The nervous system interprets and integrates sensory input.
A
Integration
12
Q
Decision-making occurs at various levels, from reflexes to conscious thought.
A
Integration
13
Q
Commands muscles and glands in response to processed data.
A
Motor output
14
Q
The nervous system sends signals to effectors (muscles/glands) for response.
A
Motor output
15
Q
Enables voluntary and involuntary movements.
A
Motor output
16
Q
Maintains a stable internal environment.
A
Homeostasis
17
Q
Maintains a stable internal environment.
A
Homeostasis
18
Q
The nervous system regulates heart rate, blood pressure, breathing, and temperature.
A
Homeostatis
19
Q
Works with the endocrine system to achieve balance.
A
Homeostatis
20
Q
Enables thought, emotion, learning, and memory.
A
Mental activity
21
Q
The brain supports complex functions such as thinking, reasoning, emotions, and memory.
A
Mental activity
22
Q
Divisions of the Nervous system
A
Cental nervous system
Peripheral nervous system,
23
Q
Composed of the brain and spinal cord,responsible for data processing and command initiation
A
Central nervous system
24
Q
Includes all nerves outside the CNS, connecting it
to the body for sensory and motor functions
A
Peripheral nervous system
25
Divisions of PNS
Sensory (Afferent)
Motor (Efferent)
26
Conducts impulses from sensory receptors to
the CNS, monitoring external and internal
conditions
Sensory (Afferent) Division of PNS
27
Conducts impulses from sensory receptors to
the CNS, monitoring external and internal
conditions
Sensory (Afferent) Division of PNS
28
Transmits signals from the CNS to muscles and
glands, managing voluntary and involuntary
responses
Motor (Efferent) Division of PNS
29
Regulates involuntary actions through sympathetic
(“fight or flight”) and parasympathetic (“rest and
digest”) responses
Autonomic Nervous system
30
Regulates involuntary actions through sympathetic
(“fight or flight”) and parasympathetic (“rest and
digest”) responses
Autonomic Nervous system
31
Specialized network in the digestive tract that can
function autonomously, though it also integrates
with the CNS
Enteric Nervous System
32
cell of ther nervous system that conducts electrical impulses for communication, consisting of a cell body, dendrites, and axons
Neurons
33
consist of cell body (soma), dendrites (input), and axon (output).
Neurons
34
receive signals from other cells
dendrites
35
receive signals from other cells
dendrites
36
transmit impulses to the other cells
Axon
37
Junction where signals are passed from one neuron to another
Synapse
38
Junction where signals are passed from one neuron to another
Synapse
39
Types of neuron
Multipolar
Bipolar
Pseudo-unipolar
40
Many dendrites, one axon
Multipolar
41
One dendrite, one axon
Bipolar
42
Single projection divides into two branches
Pseudo-unipolar
43
CNS Glial Cells
Astrocytes
Oligodendrocytes
Microglia
44
PNS Glial cells
Schwann cells
Satellite cells
45
Form blood-brain barrier, support neurons,
and regulate nutrient exchange.
Astrocytes
46
Produce myelin sheaths for CNS axons.
Oligodendrocytes
47
Act as immune cells within the CNS, removing
debris and pathogens
Microglia
48
Form myelin around PNS axons, aiding in signal
transmission.
Schwann cells
49
Support neuron cell bodies within ganglia,
regulating their environment
Satellite cells
50
Produced by Schwann cells (PNS) and oligodendrocytes (CNS).
Myelin sheaths
51
insulates axons, enhancing transmission speed of impulses.
Myelin
52
Gaps in myelin where action potentials regenerate
to speed up conduction
Nodes of Ranvier
53
maintained by sodium-potassium pumps, creating a -
70mV charge inside the cell.
Resting membrane potential
54
Essential for neuron readiness to transmit signals.
Resting membrane potential
55
Maintained by selective permeability to K+ and Na+ ions
Resting membrane potential
56
Essential for rapid and coordinated signal transmission along neurons
Action potential mechanism
57
Na+ channels open, allowing Na+ influx and membrane
potential becomes positive.
Depolarization
58
K+ channels open, K+ exits, restoring negative charge.
Repolarization
59
release neurotransmitters to bridge the gap between
neurons.
Chemical synapse
60
release neurotransmitters to bridge the gap between
neurons.
Chemical synapse
61
allow direct ion flow between cells for fast communication.
Electrical synapse
62
involves neurotransmitter release, receptor
activation, and potential continuation of the
signal.
Synaptic transmission
63
Extends from the brainstem to the lumbar
region, protected by vertebrae.
Spinal cord
64
Functions in transmitting information
between body and brain.
Spinal codd
65
Controls reflex actions through local circuitr
Spinal cord
66
Cross-Section of the Spinal Cord
- Gray matter (cell bodies) centrally located, white
matter (myelinated axons) peripherally.
• Dorsal (sensory) and ventral (motor) roots emerge from
each spinal segment
67
How many spinal nerves connect the CNS to the body.
31
68
contain both sensory and motor fibers.
Spinal nerves
69
Nerve roots continuing from spinal cord end below L2, innervating lower body.
Cauda equina
70
Facilitates control over lower limbs and pelvic organs.
Cauda equina
71
Important in diagnosing conditions like cauda equina syndrome
Cauda equina
72
central organ in the central nervous system, housed
within the skull.
brain
73
brain divided into four main regions:
brainstem
cerebellum
diancephalon
cerebrum
74
Located at the base of the brain, connecting it to
the spinal cord.
Brainstem
75
Positioned just above the spinal cord
within the brainstem.
Medulla oblongata
76
Positioned just above the spinal cord
within the brainstem.
Medulla oblongata
77
Contains ascending and descending tracts that carry sensory and motor signals.
Medulla oblangata
78
Has various nuclei visible under microscopic examination that are responsible for reflex actions
Medulla oblongata
79
Positioned between the medulla and midbrain, appearing as a rounded bulge.
Pons
80
Composed of nerve fiber tracts that bridge the cerebellum with the brainstem.
Pons
81
Contains nerve tracts running longitudinally and transversely
Pons
82
Located above the pons, it’s the smallest region of the brainstem.
Midbrain
83
Contains structures such as the tectum and tegmentum
Midbrain
84
contribute to visual and auditory processing pathways.
Tectum and tegmentum
85
Contains important neural tracts linking the cerebrum and spinal cord
Midbrain
86
Situated posterior to the brainstem, beneath the occipital lobes of the cerebrum.
Cerebellum
87
Characterized by its highly folded surface, called folia,
Cerebellum
88
highly folded surface which increases surface area.
Folia
89
Composed of two hemispheres connected by the vermis, with a cortex of gray matter
Cerebellum
90
Located centrally, just above the brainstem,
enclosed by the cerebrum.
Diancephalon
91
Diancephalon consist of
Thalamus
Hypothalamus
Epithalamus
92
Egg-shaped masses forming lateral walls of the diencephalon.
Thalamus
93
Small, cone-shaped region below the thalamus.
Hypothalamus
94
Thin, posterior structure housing the pineal gland
Epithalamus
95
Large, oval structures with two halves connected by the
interthalamic adhesion.
Thalamus
96
Situated below the thalamus, forms the floor of the
third ventricle.
Hypothalamus
97
Both structures contain distinct nuclei observed in histological studies
Thalamus and hypothalamus
98
The largest brain region, occupying most of the cranial cavity.
Cerebrum
99
Cerebrum divided into left and right hemispheres connected by the
Corpus callosum
100
Cerebrum feautures a wrinkled outer layer, which is
rich in neuron cell bodies (gray matter)
Cerebral cortex
101
Surface feautures of the cerebral cortex
Gyri
Sulci
Fissures
102
Surface feautures of the cerebral cortex
Gyri
Sulci
Fissures
103
Elevated ridges, increasing surface area.
Gyri
104
Shallow grooves separating the gyri.
Sulci
105
Deeper grooves, such as the longitudinal fissure, which
divides the two hemispheres
Fissures
106
Central cortex lobes
Frontal lobe
Parietal lobe
Occipital lobe
Temporal lobe
107
Central cortex lobes
Frontal lobe
Parietal lobe
Occipital lobe
Temporal lobe
108
Manages voluntary movement, reasoning, problem-
solving, and personality.
Frontal lobe
109
Processes sensory information like touch, temperature,
and pain.
Parietal lobe
110
Processes sensory information like touch, temperature,
and pain.
Parietal lobe
111
Dedicated to visual processing and interpretation.
Occipital lobe
112
Involved in auditory processing, language comprehension, and memory
Temporal lobe
113
Involved in auditory processing, language comprehension, and memory
Temporal lobe
114
are three protective layers surrounding the brain and
spinal cord.
Meninges
115
Meninges comprised of 3 layers of
Dura matter
Arachoid matter
Pia matter
116
layers that are situated between the skull and brain, providing a supportive framework
117
the outermost layer dense and tough, providing a durable protective covering.
Dura matter
118
the outermost layer dense and tough, providing a durable protective covering.
Dura matter
119
Dura matter divided into two layers:
Periosteal layer (attached to the skull)
Meningeal layer (closer to brain)
120
extends into the brain to form partitions, such as the
falx cerebri between the hemispheres
Meningeal layer
121
extends into the brain to form partitions, such as the
falx cerebri between the hemispheres
Meningeal layer
122
extends into the brain to form partitions, such as the
falx cerebri between the hemispheres
123
the middle meningeal layer, lying below the dura
mater.
Arachoid matter
124
Thin and web-like, it spans over the brain but doesn’t follow brain contours closely.
Arachoid matter
125
lies beneath the arachoid matter containing web-like projections and bridging veins
Subarachoid space
126
lies beneath the arachoid matter containing web-like projections and bridging veins
Subarachoid matter
127
The innermost meningeal layer, pia mater, is thin and delicate, closely adhering to the brain and spinal cord’s surface.
Pia matter
128
Follows the brain's contours, dipping into sulci and fissures.
Pia matter
129
Follows the brain's contours, dipping into sulci and fissures.
Pia matter
