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ANAPHY > Nervous 1 > Flashcards

Nervous 1 Flashcards

1
Q

the primary control center for coordinating all body activities.

A

Nervous system

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2
Q

It receives sensory input, processes information, and initiates responses.

A

nervous system

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3
Q

Ensures homeostasis and supports complex mental activities.

A

Nervous system

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4
Q

Functions of the Nervous system

A

Sensory input
Integration
Motor output
Homeostasis
Mental activity

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5
Q

Collects data from internal and external environments.

A

Sensory input

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6
Q

Receptors detect stimuli (light, temperature, pain, etc.).

A

Sensory input

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7
Q

Information is transmitted to the brain and spinal cord via sensory neurons.

A

Sensory input

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8
Q

Processes sensory information and makes
decisions.

A

Integration

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9
Q

Processes sensory information and makes
decisions.

A

Integration

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10
Q

The nervous system interprets and integrates sensory input.

A

Integration

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11
Q

The nervous system interprets and integrates sensory input.

A

Integration

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12
Q

Decision-making occurs at various levels, from reflexes to conscious thought.

A

Integration

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13
Q

Commands muscles and glands in response to processed data.

A

Motor output

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14
Q

The nervous system sends signals to effectors (muscles/glands) for response.

A

Motor output

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15
Q

Enables voluntary and involuntary movements.

A

Motor output

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16
Q

Maintains a stable internal environment.

A

Homeostasis

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17
Q

Maintains a stable internal environment.

A

Homeostasis

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18
Q

The nervous system regulates heart rate, blood pressure, breathing, and temperature.

A

Homeostatis

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19
Q

Works with the endocrine system to achieve balance.

A

Homeostatis

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20
Q

Enables thought, emotion, learning, and memory.

A

Mental activity

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21
Q

The brain supports complex functions such as thinking, reasoning, emotions, and memory.

A

Mental activity

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22
Q

Divisions of the Nervous system

A

Cental nervous system
Peripheral nervous system,

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23
Q

Composed of the brain and spinal cord,responsible for data processing and command initiation

A

Central nervous system

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24
Q

Includes all nerves outside the CNS, connecting it
to the body for sensory and motor functions

A

Peripheral nervous system

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25
Q

Divisions of PNS

A

Sensory (Afferent)
Motor (Efferent)

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26
Q

Conducts impulses from sensory receptors to
the CNS, monitoring external and internal
conditions

A

Sensory (Afferent) Division of PNS

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27
Q

Conducts impulses from sensory receptors to
the CNS, monitoring external and internal
conditions

A

Sensory (Afferent) Division of PNS

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28
Q

Transmits signals from the CNS to muscles and
glands, managing voluntary and involuntary
responses

A

Motor (Efferent) Division of PNS

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29
Q

Regulates involuntary actions through sympathetic
(“fight or flight”) and parasympathetic (“rest and
digest”) responses

A

Autonomic Nervous system

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30
Q

Regulates involuntary actions through sympathetic
(“fight or flight”) and parasympathetic (“rest and
digest”) responses

A

Autonomic Nervous system

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31
Q

Specialized network in the digestive tract that can
function autonomously, though it also integrates
with the CNS

A

Enteric Nervous System

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32
Q

cell of ther nervous system that conducts electrical impulses for communication, consisting of a cell body, dendrites, and axons

A

Neurons

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33
Q

consist of cell body (soma), dendrites (input), and axon (output).

A

Neurons

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34
Q

receive signals from other cells

A

dendrites

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35
Q

receive signals from other cells

A

dendrites

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36
Q

transmit impulses to the other cells

A

Axon

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37
Q

Junction where signals are passed from one neuron to another

A

Synapse

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38
Q

Junction where signals are passed from one neuron to another

A

Synapse

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39
Q

Types of neuron

A

Multipolar
Bipolar
Pseudo-unipolar

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40
Q

Many dendrites, one axon

A

Multipolar

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41
Q

One dendrite, one axon

A

Bipolar

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42
Q

Single projection divides into two branches

A

Pseudo-unipolar

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43
Q

CNS Glial Cells

A

Astrocytes
Oligodendrocytes
Microglia

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44
Q

PNS Glial cells

A

Schwann cells
Satellite cells

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45
Q

Form blood-brain barrier, support neurons,
and regulate nutrient exchange.

A

Astrocytes

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46
Q

Produce myelin sheaths for CNS axons.

A

Oligodendrocytes

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47
Q

Act as immune cells within the CNS, removing
debris and pathogens

A

Microglia

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48
Q

Form myelin around PNS axons, aiding in signal
transmission.

A

Schwann cells

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49
Q

Support neuron cell bodies within ganglia,
regulating their environment

A

Satellite cells

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50
Q

Produced by Schwann cells (PNS) and oligodendrocytes (CNS).

A

Myelin sheaths

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51
Q

insulates axons, enhancing transmission speed of impulses.

A

Myelin

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52
Q

Gaps in myelin where action potentials regenerate
to speed up conduction

A

Nodes of Ranvier

53
Q

maintained by sodium-potassium pumps, creating a -
70mV charge inside the cell.

A

Resting membrane potential

54
Q

Essential for neuron readiness to transmit signals.

A

Resting membrane potential

55
Q

Maintained by selective permeability to K+ and Na+ ions

A

Resting membrane potential

56
Q

Essential for rapid and coordinated signal transmission along neurons

A

Action potential mechanism

57
Q

Na+ channels open, allowing Na+ influx and membrane
potential becomes positive.

A

Depolarization

58
Q

K+ channels open, K+ exits, restoring negative charge.

A

Repolarization

59
Q

release neurotransmitters to bridge the gap between
neurons.

A

Chemical synapse

60
Q

release neurotransmitters to bridge the gap between
neurons.

A

Chemical synapse

61
Q

allow direct ion flow between cells for fast communication.

A

Electrical synapse

62
Q

involves neurotransmitter release, receptor
activation, and potential continuation of the
signal.

A

Synaptic transmission

63
Q

Extends from the brainstem to the lumbar
region, protected by vertebrae.

A

Spinal cord

64
Q

Functions in transmitting information
between body and brain.

A

Spinal codd

65
Q

Controls reflex actions through local circuitr

A

Spinal cord

66
Q

Cross-Section of the Spinal Cord

A
  • Gray matter (cell bodies) centrally located, white
    matter (myelinated axons) peripherally.

• Dorsal (sensory) and ventral (motor) roots emerge from
each spinal segment

67
Q

How many spinal nerves connect the CNS to the body.

A

31

68
Q

contain both sensory and motor fibers.

A

Spinal nerves

69
Q

Nerve roots continuing from spinal cord end below L2, innervating lower body.

A

Cauda equina

70
Q

Facilitates control over lower limbs and pelvic organs.

A

Cauda equina

71
Q

Important in diagnosing conditions like cauda equina syndrome

A

Cauda equina

72
Q

central organ in the central nervous system, housed
within the skull.

A

brain

73
Q

brain divided into four main regions:

A

brainstem
cerebellum
diancephalon
cerebrum

74
Q

Located at the base of the brain, connecting it to
the spinal cord.

A

Brainstem

75
Q

Positioned just above the spinal cord
within the brainstem.

A

Medulla oblongata

76
Q

Positioned just above the spinal cord
within the brainstem.

A

Medulla oblongata

77
Q

Contains ascending and descending tracts that carry sensory and motor signals.

A

Medulla oblangata

78
Q

Has various nuclei visible under microscopic examination that are responsible for reflex actions

A

Medulla oblongata

79
Q

Positioned between the medulla and midbrain, appearing as a rounded bulge.

A

Pons

80
Q

Composed of nerve fiber tracts that bridge the cerebellum with the brainstem.

A

Pons

81
Q

Contains nerve tracts running longitudinally and transversely

A

Pons

82
Q

Located above the pons, it’s the smallest region of the brainstem.

A

Midbrain

83
Q

Contains structures such as the tectum and tegmentum

A

Midbrain

84
Q

contribute to visual and auditory processing pathways.

A

Tectum and tegmentum

85
Q

Contains important neural tracts linking the cerebrum and spinal cord

A

Midbrain

86
Q

Situated posterior to the brainstem, beneath the occipital lobes of the cerebrum.

A

Cerebellum

87
Q

Characterized by its highly folded surface, called folia,

A

Cerebellum

88
Q

highly folded surface which increases surface area.

A

Folia

89
Q

Composed of two hemispheres connected by the vermis, with a cortex of gray matter

A

Cerebellum

90
Q

Located centrally, just above the brainstem,
enclosed by the cerebrum.

A

Diancephalon

91
Q

Diancephalon consist of

A

Thalamus
Hypothalamus
Epithalamus

92
Q

Egg-shaped masses forming lateral walls of the diencephalon.

A

Thalamus

93
Q

Small, cone-shaped region below the thalamus.

A

Hypothalamus

94
Q

Thin, posterior structure housing the pineal gland

A

Epithalamus

95
Q

Large, oval structures with two halves connected by the
interthalamic adhesion.

A

Thalamus

96
Q

Situated below the thalamus, forms the floor of the
third ventricle.

A

Hypothalamus

97
Q

Both structures contain distinct nuclei observed in histological studies

A

Thalamus and hypothalamus

98
Q

The largest brain region, occupying most of the cranial cavity.

A

Cerebrum

99
Q

Cerebrum divided into left and right hemispheres connected by the

A

Corpus callosum

100
Q

Cerebrum feautures a wrinkled outer layer, which is
rich in neuron cell bodies (gray matter)

A

Cerebral cortex

101
Q

Surface feautures of the cerebral cortex

A

Gyri
Sulci
Fissures

102
Q

Surface feautures of the cerebral cortex

A

Gyri
Sulci
Fissures

103
Q

Elevated ridges, increasing surface area.

A

Gyri

104
Q

Shallow grooves separating the gyri.

A

Sulci

105
Q

Deeper grooves, such as the longitudinal fissure, which
divides the two hemispheres

A

Fissures

106
Q

Central cortex lobes

A

Frontal lobe
Parietal lobe
Occipital lobe
Temporal lobe

107
Q

Central cortex lobes

A

Frontal lobe
Parietal lobe
Occipital lobe
Temporal lobe

108
Q

Manages voluntary movement, reasoning, problem-
solving, and personality.

A

Frontal lobe

109
Q

Processes sensory information like touch, temperature,
and pain.

A

Parietal lobe

110
Q

Processes sensory information like touch, temperature,
and pain.

A

Parietal lobe

111
Q

Dedicated to visual processing and interpretation.

A

Occipital lobe

112
Q

Involved in auditory processing, language comprehension, and memory

A

Temporal lobe

113
Q

Involved in auditory processing, language comprehension, and memory

A

Temporal lobe

114
Q

are three protective layers surrounding the brain and
spinal cord.

A

Meninges

115
Q

Meninges comprised of 3 layers of

A

Dura matter
Arachoid matter
Pia matter

116
Q

layers that are situated between the skull and brain, providing a supportive framework

A
117
Q

the outermost layer dense and tough, providing a durable protective covering.

A

Dura matter

118
Q

the outermost layer dense and tough, providing a durable protective covering.

A

Dura matter

119
Q

Dura matter divided into two layers:

A

Periosteal layer (attached to the skull)
Meningeal layer (closer to brain)

120
Q

extends into the brain to form partitions, such as the
falx cerebri between the hemispheres

A

Meningeal layer

121
Q

extends into the brain to form partitions, such as the
falx cerebri between the hemispheres

A

Meningeal layer

122
Q

extends into the brain to form partitions, such as the
falx cerebri between the hemispheres

A
123
Q

the middle meningeal layer, lying below the dura
mater.

A

Arachoid matter

124
Q

Thin and web-like, it spans over the brain but doesn’t follow brain contours closely.

A

Arachoid matter

125
Q

lies beneath the arachoid matter containing web-like projections and bridging veins

A

Subarachoid space

126
Q

lies beneath the arachoid matter containing web-like projections and bridging veins

A

Subarachoid matter

127
Q

The innermost meningeal layer, pia mater, is thin and delicate, closely adhering to the brain and spinal cord’s surface.

A

Pia matter

128
Q

Follows the brain’s contours, dipping into sulci and fissures.

A

Pia matter

129
Q

Follows the brain’s contours, dipping into sulci and fissures.

A

Pia matter

ANAPHY (18 decks)

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