1. Withdraw blood and place in tube 2. Centrifuge the blood sample 3. Plasma, buffy coat and erythrocytes

Cardiovascular Flashcards by marielle abegail consigo

The only fluid tissue in the body

Blood

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Specialized connective tissue in which living blood cells, called the

Formed elements

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suspended in a nonliving fluid matrix called

Plasma

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Total blood volume in an average adult is about ___ in females and ___ in males

4-5
5-6

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Blood makes up __ of the total weight of the body.

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Blood components

Withdraw blood and place in tube
Centrifuge the blood sample
Plasma, buffy coat and erythrocytes

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55% of the whole blood

Plasma

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Least dense component

Plasma

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Leukocytes and platelets

Buffy coat

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<1% of whole blood

Buffy coat

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45% of whole blood (hematocrit)

Erythrocytes

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Most dense component

Erythrocytes

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Formed elements

Buffy coat and erythrocytes

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Blood – Physical Characteristics

• Sticky, opaque fluid with a metallic taste
• Color varies from scarlet to dark red.
• Blood is denser than water and about five times
more viscous, largely because of the formed
elements.
• Slightly alkaline (pH – 7.35-7.45)

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Functions of blood

Protection
Distribution
Regulation

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A pale - yellow fluid

Plasma

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Plasma consists of about:

• 91% water
• 7% proteins
• 2% other solutes

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Plasma proteins include the following:

• Albumin 58%
• Globulin 38%
• Fibrinogen 4%

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Contributes to osmotic
pressure

Albumin

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Composed of gamma,
alpha and beta

Globulin

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Contributes to blood
clot

Fibrinogen

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The process of blood cell production

Hematopoiesis

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All the formed elements of the blood are derived
from a single population of cells called

Stem cells

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Formed elements composed of the following:

• 95% of red blood cells (erythrocytes)
• 5% of white blood cells (leukocytes) and blood platelets
(thrombocytes)

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Biconcave disk, no nucleus, contains hemoglobin which colors the cell red.

Red blood cells (erythrocytes)

6.5-8.5 micrometer in diameter.

Red Blood Cells (Erythrocytes)

A microliter of blood contains 5 million of red blood cells.

Red blood cells (erythrocytes)

Function: Transports oxygen and carbon dioxide

Red blood cells (erythrocytes)

Spherical cells with a nucleus

White Blood Cells (Leukocytes)

Body’s defense against pathogens

White blood cells (leukocytes)

A microliter of blood contains 5000-10,000 white blood cells.

White blood cells (leukocytes)

White blood cells composed of five types

• Neutrophil 60-70% • Basophil 0.5-1% • Eosinophil 2-4% • Lymphocyte 20-25% • Monocyte 3-8%

Granulocytes

Neutrophil Bashil Eosinophil

Agranulocytes

Lymphocyte Monocyte

Minute fragments of cells, each consisting of small amount of cytoplasm surrounded by cell membrane.

Platelets (thrombocytes)

A microliter of blood contains 150,000- 400,000 platelets.

Platelets (thrombocytes)

Function: Preventing Blood loss

Platelets (thrombocytes)

A laboratory examination of blood yields information that can be used to evaluate a person’s health. This involves CBC, Differential white blood cell count, platelet count, prothrombin time, etc.

Diagnostic blood test

Analysis of blood that provides much useful information

Complete blood count

Determines the percentage of each of the five kinds of white blood cells.

Differential White Blood Cell

The blood’s ability to clot can be assess through:

Platelet count Prothrombin time measurement

calculates how long it takes for the blood to start clotting. Normally – 9-12 seconds.

Prothrombin Time Measurement

Normal value: 150, 000 – 400, 000 platelets per microliter of blood.

Platelet count

shaped like a blunt cone and approximately the size of a closed fist and has a mass of 250-350g.

adult heart

Located in the thoracic cavity between two pleural cavities that surround the lungs.

Heart

midline partition

Mediastinum

cavity of the heart

Pericardial cavity

Pump blood throughout the bod

Heart

Beats approx. 100,000 times daily carrying 8000L of blood.

Heart

Covering of the Heart

Pericardium

A sac consisting of fibrous and serous pericardia.

Pericardium

Two layers of pericardium

• Fibrous Pericardium • Serous Pericardium - parietal & visceral

Histology of the heart

Heart wall

3 layers of heart wall

Epicardium Myocardium Endocardium

Outermost layer of the heart

Epicardium

Composed of simple squamous epithelium and an areolar connective tissue (deep area)

Middle layer of the heart wall

Myocardium

Composed of cardiac muscle tissue.

Myocardium

Responsible for the overall contraction of heart necessary to pump blood

Myocardium

• Innermost layer of the heart • Composed of simple squamous epithelium and an areolar

Endocardium

4 chambers pf the heart

Superior Atria 2 Inferior Ventricles 2

receives the blood from the vein

Superior Atria (2)

pump blood away from the heart from the atria

Inferior Ventricles (2)

Internal Partitions of the heart

Interatrial Septum intraventricular septum

separates the atrial chambers

Interatrial Septum

separates the ventricular chambers

Interventricular Septum

Grooves on the heart surface:

Coronary sulcus Anterior Interventicular sulcus Posterior interventicular sulcus

separate the atria from the ventricles

Coronary sulcus

from coronary sulcus to anterior surface of the heart

Anterior Interventricular Sulcus

from coronary sulcus to posterior surface of the heart

Posterior Interventricular Sulcus

Veins that carry blood to the heart:

1. Superior Vena Cava 2. Inferior Vena Cava 3. Coronary Sinus 4. Four Pulmonary Veins

Arteries that carry blood away from the heart:

1. Pulmonary Trunk 2. Aorta 3. Pulmonary Arteries VanPutt

Located between the right atrium and the right ventricle(tricuspid valve) and between the left atrium and left ventricle (bicuspid/mitral valve).

Atrioventricular Valves (AV Valves)

the right atrium and the right ventricle

tricuspid valve

he left atrium and left ventricle

bicuspid/mitral valve

Prevent backflow into the atria

Antrioventricular valves

Each ventricle of anteioventicular valves contains cone-shaped, muscular pillars called

papillary muscles

Atrioventricular valves attached to a connective tissue strings called

chordae tendineae.

The aorta and pulmonary trunk possess

aortic and pulmonary semilunar valves.

Prevent backflow associated into the ventricles

Semilunar valves

A plate of connective tissue that surrounds the valves and give them solid support.

cardiac skeleton

Two coronary arteries supply blood to the wall of the heart:

Left and right coronary artery

originates on the left side of the aorta.

Left Coronary Artery

originates on the right side of the aorta.

Right coronary artery

two major branches of left Coronary Artery

1. Anterior interventricular artery 2. Circumflex artery

two major branches of right coronary artery

1. Posterior interventricular artery 2. Right marginal artery

The cardiac veins drain blood from the cardiac muscle and most of them drain blood into the coronary sinus. This sinus has three (3) attributes:

1. Great Cardiac Vein 2. Middle Cardiac Vein 3. Small Cardiac Vein

Two main heart sound

First: lubb (lower pitch) Second: dupp (higher pitch)

developed to listen the sounds of the lungs and heart and is now used to listen other sounds of the body as well

Stethoscope

abnormal heart sounds due to faulty valves

Murmurs

narrowing of valve

Stenosis

Refers to the pumping process that begins with the onset of the cardiac muscle contraction and ends with the beginning of the next contraction.

Cardiac cycle

Cardiac cycle invloves

Atrial systole Ventricular systole Atrial diastole Ventricular diastole:

contraction of atria

Atrial systole

contraction of ventricles

Ventricular systole

relaxation of atria

Atrial diastole

relaxation of ventricles

Ventricular diastole

Measurements to assess heart function:

Cardiac output (CO) Heart Rate (HR) Stroke Volume (SV)

volume of blood pumped per ventricle per minute

Cardiac output (CO)

volume of blood pumped per ventricle each time the heart contracts.

Stroke Volume (SV)

number of times the heart contracts each minute.

Heart Rate (HR)

Three Main Types of Blood Vessels

Arteries Veins Cappilaries

carry blood away from the heart.

Arteries

carry blood toward the heart.

Veins

carry blood toward the heart.

Veins

site of exchange in blood and tissue fluid.

Capillaries

Except for capillaries, blood vessels consists of three layers:

1. Tunica intima 2. Tunica Media 3. Tunica Adventitia

Types of Blood Circulation

Systematic circulation Pulmonary circulation

system of blood vessels that carries blood from the left ventricle of the heart to the tissues of the body back to the right atrium.

Systematic circulation

system of blood vessels that carries blood from the right ventricle of the heart to the lungs and back to the left atrium of the heart.

Pulmonary circulation

Three major types of arteries

Elastic arteries Muscular arteries Arteriles

receive blood directly from the heart.

Elastic arteries

distributes blood towards the regions of the body.

Muscular arteries

deliver blood to the capillaries.

Arterioles

All arteries of the systemic circulation branch directly or indirectly from the

Aorta

The part of the aorta passes superiorly from the left ventricle.

Ascending aorta

wherein three major arteries such as, brachiocephalic, left common carotid, and left subclavian arteries originate.

Aortic arch

All these arteries carry blood to the head and upper limbs

brachiocephalic, left common carotid, and left subclavian arteries

The longest part of the aorta which is the _____, extends from thoracic to diaphragm (thoracic aorta) and from diaphragm into the common iliac arteries (abdominal aorta).

descending aorta

Branches from the aortic arch and supplies the head and arm

Brachiocephalic

Branches from the right common carotid artery and supplies blood to the right upper limb.

Right subclavian

Originates from the left common carotid artery and supplies blood to the right upper limb

Left subclavian

Branches from the brachiocephalic artery and supplies blood to the right side of the head and neck

Right common carotid

Branches directly from the aortic arch and supplies blood to the left side of the head and neck

Left common carotid

Branches from the common carotid arteries and Neck, face, nose and mouth

External carotid

Branches from the common carotid arteries and supply blood to the anterior brain and meninges

Internal carotid

Supplies the medial surface of the frontal and parietal lobes of the cerebral hemisphere on its side

Anterior cerebral artery*

Arises from the anterior cerebral artery (same tissue supply)

Anterior communicating*

Occipital lobes and the inferior parts of the temporal lobes

Posterior cerebral*

Connects posterior cerebral and middle cerebral arteries anteriorly.

Posterior communicating*

Supply the lateral parts of the temporal, parietal, and frontal lobes.

Middle cerebral

Cerebral Arterial Circle also known as the

the Circle of Willis

This structure encircles the pituitary gland and optic chiasma and unites the brain’s anterior and posterior blood supplies.

Cerebral Arterial Circle

Branch from the subclavian arteries. Supply blood to the spinal cord, vertebrae, muscles and ligaments of the neck

Vertebral

Union of two vertebral arteries. Supplies blood to the pons, cerebellum and midbrain

Basilar

Originate from the subclavian artery and supply blood to the axilla

Axillary

Originate from the axillary artery and supply blood to the arm

Brachial

Branch from the brachial artery and supply blood to the lateral forearm and hand

Radial

Branch from the brachial artery and supply blood to the medial forearm and hand

Ulnar

Branch from thoracic aorta and supplies blood to the thoracic organs such as esophagus, trachea, parietal pericardium, and parts of the lungs

Visceral arteries

Branch from thoracic aorta and supplies blood to the thoracic walls.

Parietal arteries

Major parietal arteries which supply blood to the Intercostal muscles, vertebrae, spinal cord, and deep muscles of the back

Posterior intercostal

Branch from the subclavian arteries and supply blood to the anterior thoracic and abdominal walls

Internal thoracic

Branch from the internal thoracic artery and supply blood to the anterior thoracic wall

Anterior intercostal

Supplies blood to the Lower Limb

External iliac

Supplies blood to the Pelvic area and organs such as urinary bladder, rectum, uterus, and vagina.

Internal iliac

Supplies blood to the Pelvic area and organs such as urinary bladder, rectum, uterus, and vagina.

Internal iliac

Abdominal Aorta (Visceral Branches.- Unpaired)

Celiac trunk Superior Mesenteric Inferior Mesenteric

Abdominal Aorta (Visceral Branches.- Paired)

Renal Suprarenal Testicular Ovarian

Abdominal Aorta (Parietal Branches)

Inferior Phrenic Lumbar Median Sacral

Supplies blood to the small intestine, cecum, ascending colon, and transverse colon

Celiac trunk

Supplies blood to the descending colon, sigmoid colon, and upper rectum

Superior mesentric

Supplies blood to the Lower portion of the colon

Inferior mesentric

Supply blood to the Kidneys

Renal

Supply blood to the Adrenal Glands

Suprerenal

Supply blood to the Testes (Male) And Ovaries (Female)

Testicular Ovarian

Supply blood to the Diaphragm

Inferior Phrenic

Supply blood to the Lumbar Vertebrae and Back Muscles

Lumbar

Supplies blood to the Inferior Vertebrae

Median Sacral

Originate from the external iliac artery and supplies blood towards the thigh.

Femoral

Originate from the femoral artery and supplies blood to the knee.

Popliteal

Branch from the popliteal artery and supplies blood to anterior leg and foot.

Anterior tibial

Branch from the popliteal artery and supplies blood to posterior leg and foot.

Posterior tibial

Originate from the posterior tibial artery and supplies blood to the lateral leg and foot

Fibular

Originate from the anterior tibial artery and supplies blood to the ankle.

Dorsalis pedis

Three major types of veins

Venules Small and medium veins Large veins

similar to a structure of capillaries but slightly larger in diameter.

Venules

It is composed of endothelium resting on a delicate connective tissue layer.

Venules

the only present tunic resting on a delivate layer of dense connective tissue

Tunica intima

all the tunics are evident.

Small and medium veins

contains circular smooth muscle.

Tunica media

determines the capability of the vein to distend.

Tunica adventitia

all the tunics are evident too. It has a pre-dominant tunica adventitia and its tunica media is thin but has the capability to regulate vessel diameter because venous pressure is low.

Large veins

The two major large veins that returns blood to the heart from the regions of the body are the

Superior vena cava Inferior vena cava

returns blood from the head, neck, thorax, and upper limbs to the right atrium of the heart.

Superior vena cava

returns blood from the abdomen, pelvis, and lower limbs to the the right atrium of the heart.

Inferior vena cava

Carry blood from the posterior Head and neck. Empties into the subclavian vein

External jugular

Carry blood from the brain and Anterior Head, Face and Neck. They join the subclavian veins on each side of the body to form the brachiocephalic veins

Internal jugular

Carry blood from deep structures of the upper limbs. The brachial veins empty into the axillary vein.

Brachial

Carry blood from the distal forearm and bend around the radius as it travel superiorly and then continue up the lateral superficial aspect of the arm to the shoulder to join the axillary vein

Cephalic

Carry blood from the distal forearm and extend along the posteromedial aspect of the forearm, crosse the elbow, and then join the brachial vein in the axilla, forming the axillary vein.

Basilic

The vein wherein brachial, cephalic and basilic veins empty.

Axillary

connect cephalic to basilic vein

Median cubital

Carry blood from the anterior thoracic wall from the anterior intercostal veins and drain into brachiocephalic veins

Brachiocephalic

Carries blood from the posterior thoracic wall from the posterior intercostal veins and drain into the azygos vein.

Azygos

Carry blood from the kidneys

Renal

Carry blood from the Adrenal Glands

Suprarenal

Carry blood from the testes (Male) and ovaries (Female)

• Testicular • Ovarian

Carry blood from the back and abdominal wall

Lumbar

Drains the entire small intestine, part of the large intestine and stomach

Superior mesentric

Drains the distal portions of the large intestine and rectum and joins the splenic vein just before that vessel unites with the superior mesenteric vein to form the hepatic portal vein

Inferior mesentric

Carries blood from the spleen, parts of the stomach and pancreas, and then joins the superior mesenteric vein to form the hepatic portal vein.

Splenic vein

Branch from the femoral vein and carry blood from the lower Limb

External iliac

Carry blood from the pelvic area and organs such as urinary bladder, rectum, uterus, and vagina. These veins unite with the external iliac veins to form the common iliac veins which empty into the inferior vena cava.

Internal iliac

Carry blood from deep structures of the thigh. The femoral vein empty into the external iliac vein.

Femoral

Originate from dorsal and medial side of the foot and ascend along the medial side of the leg and thigh to empty into the femoral vein.

Great Saphenous (longest vein in the body)

Carry blood from knee and Leg. As the popliteal vein emerges from the knee, it becomes the femoral vein

Popliteal

Originate from the lateral side of the foot and join the popliteal vein to become the femoral vein.

Small saphenous