Cardiovascular Flashcards
The only fluid tissue in the body
Blood
Specialized connective tissue in which living blood cells, called the
Formed elements
suspended in a nonliving fluid matrix called
Plasma
Total blood volume in an average adult is about ___ in females and ___ in males
4-5
5-6
Blood makes up __ of the total weight of the body.
8%
Blood components
- Withdraw blood and place in tube
- Centrifuge the blood sample
- Plasma, buffy coat and erythrocytes
55% of the whole blood
Plasma
Least dense component
Plasma
Leukocytes and platelets
Buffy coat
<1% of whole blood
Buffy coat
45% of whole blood (hematocrit)
Erythrocytes
Most dense component
Erythrocytes
Formed elements
Buffy coat and erythrocytes
Blood – Physical Characteristics
• Sticky, opaque fluid with a metallic taste
• Color varies from scarlet to dark red.
• Blood is denser than water and about five times
more viscous, largely because of the formed
elements.
• Slightly alkaline (pH – 7.35-7.45)
Functions of blood
Protection
Distribution
Regulation
A pale - yellow fluid
Plasma
Plasma consists of about:
• 91% water
• 7% proteins
• 2% other solutes
Plasma proteins include the following:
• Albumin 58%
• Globulin 38%
• Fibrinogen 4%
Contributes to osmotic
pressure
Albumin
Composed of gamma,
alpha and beta
Globulin
Contributes to blood
clot
Fibrinogen
The process of blood cell production
Hematopoiesis
All the formed elements of the blood are derived
from a single population of cells called
Stem cells
Formed elements composed of the following:
• 95% of red blood cells (erythrocytes)
• 5% of white blood cells (leukocytes) and blood platelets
(thrombocytes)
Biconcave disk, no
nucleus, contains
hemoglobin which colors
the cell red.
Red blood cells (erythrocytes)
6.5-8.5 micrometer in
diameter.
Red Blood Cells (Erythrocytes)
A microliter of blood
contains 5 million of red
blood cells.
Red blood cells (erythrocytes)
Function: Transports
oxygen and carbon dioxide
Red blood cells (erythrocytes)
Spherical cells with a
nucleus
White Blood Cells (Leukocytes)
Body’s defense against
pathogens
White blood cells (leukocytes)
A microliter of blood
contains 5000-10,000
white blood cells.
White blood cells (leukocytes)
White blood cells composed of five types
• Neutrophil 60-70%
• Basophil 0.5-1%
• Eosinophil 2-4%
• Lymphocyte 20-25%
• Monocyte 3-8%
Granulocytes
Neutrophil
Bashil
Eosinophil
Agranulocytes
Lymphocyte
Monocyte
Minute fragments of cells, each consisting of
small amount of cytoplasm surrounded
by cell membrane.
Platelets (thrombocytes)
A microliter of blood
contains 150,000-
400,000 platelets.
Platelets (thrombocytes)
Function: Preventing Blood loss
Platelets (thrombocytes)
A laboratory examination of blood yields
information that can be used to evaluate a person’s
health. This involves CBC, Differential white blood
cell count, platelet count, prothrombin time, etc.
Diagnostic blood test
Analysis of blood that provides much useful
information
Complete blood count
Determines the percentage of each of the five kinds
of white blood cells.
Differential White Blood Cell
The blood’s ability to clot can be assess through:
Platelet count
Prothrombin time measurement
calculates how long it takes for the blood to start clotting. Normally – 9-12 seconds.
Prothrombin Time Measurement
Normal value: 150, 000 – 400, 000 platelets per microliter of blood.
Platelet count
shaped like a blunt cone and
approximately the size of a closed fist and has a
mass of 250-350g.
adult heart
Located in the thoracic cavity between two pleural
cavities that surround the lungs.
Heart
midline partition
Mediastinum
cavity of the heart
Pericardial cavity
Pump blood throughout the bod
Heart
Beats approx. 100,000 times daily carrying 8000L of
blood.
Heart
Covering of the Heart
Pericardium
A sac consisting of
fibrous and serous
pericardia.
Pericardium
Two layers of pericardium
• Fibrous Pericardium
• Serous Pericardium
- parietal & visceral
Histology of the heart
Heart wall
3 layers of heart wall
Epicardium
Myocardium
Endocardium
Outermost layer of the heart
Epicardium
Composed of simple squamous epithelium and an areolar connective tissue (deep area)
Middle layer of the heart wall
Myocardium
Composed of cardiac muscle tissue.
Myocardium
Responsible for the overall contraction of heart necessary to pump blood
Myocardium
• Innermost layer of the heart
• Composed of simple squamous epithelium and an areolar
Endocardium
4 chambers pf the heart
Superior Atria 2
Inferior Ventricles 2
receives the blood from the vein
Superior Atria (2)
pump blood away from the heart from the atria
Inferior Ventricles (2)
Internal Partitions of the heart
Interatrial Septum
intraventricular septum
separates the atrial chambers
Interatrial Septum
separates the ventricular chambers
Interventricular Septum
Grooves on the heart surface:
Coronary sulcus
Anterior Interventicular sulcus
Posterior interventicular sulcus
separate the atria from the ventricles
Coronary sulcus
from coronary sulcus to anterior surface of the heart
Anterior Interventricular Sulcus
from coronary sulcus to posterior surface of the heart
Posterior Interventricular Sulcus
Veins that carry blood to the heart:
- Superior Vena Cava
- Inferior Vena Cava
- Coronary Sinus
- Four Pulmonary Veins
Arteries that carry blood away from the heart:
- Pulmonary Trunk
- Aorta
- Pulmonary Arteries
VanPutt
Located between the right atrium and the right
ventricle(tricuspid valve) and between the left atrium
and left ventricle (bicuspid/mitral valve).
Atrioventricular Valves (AV Valves)
the right atrium and the right ventricle
tricuspid valve
he left atrium and left ventricle
bicuspid/mitral valve
Prevent backflow into the atria
Antrioventricular valves
Each ventricle of anteioventicular valves contains cone-shaped, muscular pillars
called
papillary muscles
Atrioventricular valves attached to a connective tissue strings called
chordae tendineae.
The aorta and pulmonary trunk possess
aortic and
pulmonary semilunar valves.
Prevent backflow associated into the ventricles
Semilunar valves
A plate of connective tissue that surrounds the valves and give them solid support.
cardiac skeleton
Two coronary arteries supply
blood to the wall of the
heart:
Left and right coronary artery
originates on the left side
of the aorta.
Left Coronary Artery
originates on the right side
of the aorta.
Right coronary artery
two major branches of left Coronary Artery
- Anterior interventricular artery
- Circumflex artery
two major branches of right coronary artery
- Posterior interventricular artery
- Right marginal artery
The cardiac veins drain blood from the cardiac muscle and most of them drain blood into the coronary sinus. This sinus has three (3) attributes:
- Great Cardiac Vein
- Middle Cardiac Vein
- Small Cardiac Vein
Two main heart sound
First: lubb (lower pitch)
Second: dupp (higher pitch)
developed to listen the sounds of the lungs and heart and is now used to listen other sounds of the body as well
Stethoscope
abnormal heart sounds due to faulty valves
Murmurs
narrowing of valve
Stenosis
Refers to the pumping process that begins with the
onset of the cardiac muscle contraction and ends with
the beginning of the next contraction.
Cardiac cycle
Cardiac cycle invloves
Atrial systole
Ventricular systole
Atrial diastole
Ventricular diastole:
contraction of atria
Atrial systole
contraction of ventricles
Ventricular systole
relaxation of atria
Atrial diastole
relaxation of ventricles
Ventricular diastole
Measurements to assess heart function:
Cardiac output (CO)
Heart Rate (HR)
Stroke Volume (SV)
volume of blood pumped per
ventricle per minute
Cardiac output (CO)
volume of blood pumped per
ventricle each time the heart contracts.
Stroke Volume (SV)
number of times the heart
contracts each minute.
Heart Rate (HR)
Three Main Types of Blood
Vessels
Arteries
Veins
Cappilaries
carry blood away from the heart.
Arteries
carry blood toward the heart.
Veins
carry blood toward the heart.
Veins
site of exchange in blood and tissue fluid.
Capillaries
Except for capillaries, blood vessels consists of three layers:
- Tunica intima
- Tunica Media
- Tunica Adventitia
Types of Blood Circulation
Systematic circulation
Pulmonary circulation
system of blood vessels that
carries blood from the left ventricle of the heart to
the tissues of the body back to the right atrium.
Systematic circulation
system of blood vessels
that carries blood from the right ventricle of the
heart to the lungs and back to the left atrium of
the heart.
Pulmonary circulation
Three major types of arteries
Elastic arteries
Muscular arteries
Arteriles
receive blood directly from the
heart.
Elastic arteries
distributes blood towards
the regions of the body.
Muscular arteries
deliver blood to the capillaries.
Arterioles
All arteries of the systemic circulation branch directly or indirectly from the
Aorta
The part of the aorta passes superiorly from the left ventricle.
Ascending aorta
wherein three major arteries such as, brachiocephalic, left common carotid, and left
subclavian arteries originate.
Aortic arch
All these arteries carry blood to the head and upper limbs
brachiocephalic, left common carotid, and left
subclavian arteries
The longest part of the aorta which is the _____, extends from thoracic to
diaphragm (thoracic aorta) and from diaphragm into
the common iliac arteries (abdominal aorta).
descending aorta
Branches from the aortic arch and supplies the
head and arm
Brachiocephalic
Branches from the right common carotid artery and
supplies blood to the right upper limb.
Right subclavian
Originates from the left common carotid artery and
supplies blood to the right upper limb
Left subclavian
Branches from the brachiocephalic artery and
supplies blood to the right side of the head and
neck
Right common carotid
Branches directly from the aortic arch and supplies
blood to the left side of the head and neck
Left common carotid
Branches from the common carotid arteries and
Neck, face, nose and mouth
External carotid
Branches from the common carotid arteries and
supply blood to the anterior brain and meninges
Internal carotid
Supplies the medial surface of the frontal and
parietal lobes of the cerebral hemisphere on its
side
Anterior cerebral artery*
Arises from the anterior cerebral artery (same tissue supply)
Anterior communicating*
Occipital lobes and the inferior parts of the temporal lobes
Posterior cerebral*
Connects posterior cerebral and middle cerebral arteries anteriorly.
Posterior communicating*
Supply the lateral parts of the temporal, parietal, and frontal lobes.
Middle cerebral
Cerebral Arterial Circle also known as the
the Circle of Willis
This structure encircles the pituitary gland and
optic chiasma and unites the brain’s anterior and
posterior blood supplies.
Cerebral Arterial Circle
Branch from the subclavian arteries. Supply blood
to the spinal cord, vertebrae, muscles and
ligaments of the neck
Vertebral
Union of two vertebral arteries. Supplies blood to
the pons, cerebellum and midbrain
Basilar
Originate from the subclavian artery and supply
blood to the axilla
Axillary
Originate from the axillary artery and supply blood to the arm
Brachial
Branch from the brachial artery and supply
blood to the lateral forearm and hand
Radial
Branch from the brachial artery and supply
blood to the medial forearm and hand
Ulnar
Branch from thoracic aorta and supplies blood to
the thoracic organs such as esophagus, trachea,
parietal pericardium, and parts of the lungs
Visceral arteries
Branch from thoracic aorta and supplies blood to
the thoracic walls.
Parietal arteries
Major parietal arteries which supply blood to the
Intercostal muscles, vertebrae, spinal cord, and
deep muscles of the back
Posterior intercostal
Branch from the subclavian arteries and supply
blood to the anterior thoracic and abdominal walls
Internal thoracic
Branch from the internal thoracic artery and supply
blood to the anterior thoracic wall
Anterior intercostal
Supplies blood to the Lower Limb
External iliac
Supplies blood to the Pelvic area and organs
such as urinary bladder, rectum, uterus, and
vagina.
Internal iliac
Supplies blood to the Pelvic area and organs
such as urinary bladder, rectum, uterus, and
vagina.
Internal iliac
Abdominal Aorta (Visceral Branches.- Unpaired)
Celiac trunk
Superior Mesenteric
Inferior Mesenteric
Abdominal Aorta (Visceral Branches.- Paired)
Renal
Suprarenal
Testicular
Ovarian
Abdominal Aorta (Parietal Branches)
Inferior Phrenic
Lumbar
Median Sacral
Supplies blood to the small intestine, cecum,
ascending colon, and transverse colon
Celiac trunk
Supplies blood to the descending colon, sigmoid
colon, and upper rectum
Superior mesentric
Supplies blood to the Lower portion of the colon
Inferior mesentric
Supply blood to the Kidneys
Renal
Supply blood to the Adrenal Glands
Suprerenal
Supply blood to the Testes (Male)
And Ovaries (Female)
Testicular
Ovarian
Supply blood to the Diaphragm
Inferior Phrenic
Supply blood to the Lumbar Vertebrae and Back
Muscles
Lumbar
Supplies blood to the Inferior Vertebrae
Median Sacral
Originate from the external iliac artery and
supplies blood towards the thigh.
Femoral
Originate from the femoral artery and supplies
blood to the knee.
Popliteal
Branch from the popliteal artery and supplies
blood to anterior leg and foot.
Anterior tibial
Branch from the popliteal artery and supplies
blood to posterior leg and foot.
Posterior tibial
Originate from the posterior tibial artery and
supplies blood to the lateral leg and foot
Fibular
Originate from the anterior tibial artery and
supplies blood to the ankle.
Dorsalis pedis
Three major types of veins
Venules
Small and medium veins
Large veins
similar to a structure of capillaries but slightly larger in diameter.
Venules
It is composed of endothelium resting
on a delicate connective tissue layer.
Venules
the only present tunic resting on a delivate layer of dense connective tissue
Tunica intima
all the tunics are evident.
Small and medium veins
contains circular smooth muscle.
Tunica media
determines the capability of the vein to
distend.
Tunica adventitia
all the tunics are evident too.
It has a pre-dominant tunica adventitia and its
tunica media is thin but has the capability to
regulate vessel diameter because venous pressure is low.
Large veins
The two major large veins that returns blood to the
heart from the regions of the body are the
Superior vena cava
Inferior vena cava
returns blood from the head,
neck, thorax, and upper limbs to the right atrium of
the heart.
Superior vena cava
returns blood from the
abdomen, pelvis, and lower limbs to the the right
atrium of the heart.
Inferior vena cava
Carry blood from the posterior Head and neck. Empties into the subclavian vein
External jugular
Carry blood from the brain and Anterior Head, Face and
Neck. They join the subclavian veins on each side of the
body to form the brachiocephalic veins
Internal jugular
Carry blood from deep structures of the upper
limbs. The brachial veins empty into the axillary
vein.
Brachial
Carry blood from the distal forearm and bend
around the radius as it travel superiorly and then
continue up the lateral superficial aspect of the arm
to the shoulder to join the axillary vein
Cephalic
Carry blood from the distal forearm and extend
along the posteromedial aspect of the forearm,
crosse the elbow, and then join the brachial vein in
the axilla, forming the axillary vein.
Basilic
The vein wherein brachial, cephalic and basilic
veins empty.
Axillary
connect cephalic to basilic vein
Median cubital
Carry blood from the anterior thoracic wall from
the anterior intercostal veins and drain into
brachiocephalic veins
Brachiocephalic
Carries blood from the posterior thoracic wall from
the posterior intercostal veins and drain into the
azygos vein.
Azygos
Carry blood from the kidneys
Renal
Carry blood from the Adrenal Glands
Suprarenal
Carry blood from the testes (Male)
and ovaries (Female)
• Testicular
• Ovarian
Carry blood from the back and abdominal wall
Lumbar
Drains the entire small intestine, part of the large
intestine and stomach
Superior mesentric
Drains the distal portions of the large intestine and
rectum and joins the splenic vein just before that
vessel unites with the superior mesenteric vein to
form the hepatic portal vein
Inferior mesentric
Carries blood from the spleen, parts of the stomach
and pancreas, and then joins the superior
mesenteric vein to form the hepatic portal vein.
Splenic vein
Branch from the femoral vein and carry blood from
the lower Limb
External iliac
Carry blood from the pelvic area and organs such as
urinary bladder, rectum, uterus, and vagina. These
veins unite with the external iliac veins to form the
common iliac veins which empty into the inferior
vena cava.
Internal iliac
Carry blood from deep structures of the thigh. The
femoral vein empty into the external iliac vein.
Femoral
Originate from dorsal and medial side of the foot
and ascend along the medial side of the leg and
thigh to empty into the femoral vein.
Great Saphenous
(longest vein in the body)
Carry blood from knee and Leg.
As the popliteal vein emerges from the knee, it
becomes the femoral vein
Popliteal
Originate from the lateral side of the foot and join
the popliteal vein to become the femoral vein.
Small saphenous
