Endocrine Flashcards by marielle abegail consigo

Endocrine derived from the greek words

endo - within
krino - secrete

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Composed of endocrine glands and specialized endocrine cells located throughout the body.

Endocrine system

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Endocrine glands secrete chemical messengers called “____” into the bloodstream in order to produce a specific response to ____

hormones
target tissues or effectors.

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Hormones derived from the Greek word

Hormon - to set in motion

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hormones has two chemical categories

Lipid- soluble
Water-soluble

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• Non-polar
• Small size and low solubility
in aqueous fluids.

Lipid- soluble hormones

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• Polar
• Vary from small to large and
soluble in blood

Water-soluble hormones

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Receptor Location: Nucleus or cytoplasm

Lipid-soluble hormones

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• ReceptorLocation:Plasma membrane’s outer surface

Water-soluble hormones

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Needs a binding protein for transport

Lipid-soluble hormones

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dissolvedirectly into the blood and are delivered to the target tissue without attaching to binding protein.

Large hormones

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need attachment to larger protein to avoid being filtered out of the blood.

Small hormones

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There are three types of stimuli which regulate hormone release

Humoral 2. Neural
Hormonal

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Blood-borne chemicals which stimulate release of some hormones are called

humoral stimuli

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It occurs when a secreted hormone stimulates the secretion of other hormones. These hormones are called

Tropic hormones

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There are hormones that prevents the secretion of other hormones. These hormones are called

“inhibiting hormones.”

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Hormone release caused by altered levels of certain critical ions or nutrients.

Humoral stimulus

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Hormone release caused by neural input.

Nueral stimulus

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Hormone release caused by another hormone (a tropic hormone).

Hormonal stimulus

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consists of ductless glands

Endocrine system

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The following are the endocrine glands and organs:

Pituitary gland
Thyroid gland
Parathyroid gland
Adrenal glands
Pancreas
Testes and Ovaries
Thymus
Pineal Gland

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The pituitary gland is also called the

Hypophysis

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It is a small gland about the size of a pea.

Pituitary gland

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It rest in a depression of the sphenoid bone inferior to the hypothalamus of the brain.

Pituitary gland

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attached to the hypothalamus by this structure.

Infudibulum

2 parts of pituitary gland

• Anterior pituitary • Posterior pituitary

The thyroid gland is made up of two lobes connected by a narrow band called

Isthmus

One of the largest endocrine glands.

Thyroid gland

Appears more red than surrounding tissues.

Thyroid Gland

Main function: Secretion of thyroid hormones

Thyroid Gland

are synthesized and stored within the thyroid follicles.

Thyroid hormones

thyroid follicles contain protein called “_____” in which hormones are attached.

thyroglobulin

The synthesized hormones in thyroid follicles are

thyroxine/tetraiodothyronine(T4) and triiodothyronine (T3)

Thyroid hormones have a negative feedback effect on the

hypothalamus and pituitary gland.

Loss of negative feedback will result in excess TSH. It causes enlargement of the thyroid. This condition is called

Goiter

lack of thyroid hormones

Hypothyroidism

Hypothyroidism, In infants, it can result in

Cretinism

Hypothyroidism, In adults, it can result to

decreased metabolic rate, sluggishness, reduced ability to perform routine tasks and myxedema.

elevated rate of thyroid hormones

Hyperthyroidism

a type of of hyperthyroidism that results when the immune system produces abnormal proteins that are similar in structure and function to TSH.

Grave’s Disease

Four glands embedded in the posterior wall of the thyroid gland.

Parathyroid Gland

These glands secrete the parathyroid hormone

Parathyroid Gland

essential in regulation of calcium level.

parathyroid hormone

Two small glands located superior to each kidney.

Adrenal glans

Each adrenal gland has an inner part called the

Adrenal medulla

Each adrenal gland has an outer part called

Adrenal cortex

The principal hormone released by the adrenal medulla is

Epinephrine

The adrenal cortex secretes three classes of steroid hormones:

1)mineralocorticoids 2)glucocorticoids 3)androgens

regulatesbloodvolume and levels of potassium and sodium ions.

Mineralocorticoids

Major hormone of Mineralocorticoids

Aldosterone

Binds to receptor molecules in the kidney, but it also affects the intestine, sweat glands and salivary glands.

Aldosterone

causes sodium ions and water to be retained in the body.

Aldosterone

regulates blood nutrient levels.

Glucocorticoids

Major hormone of Glucocorticoids

Cortisol

Responds in stressful situations

Cortisol

Increases the breakdown of proteins and lipids. It also increases their conversion to forms of energy the body can use.

Cortisol

Reduces inflammatory and immune responses.

Cortisone

Stimulate the development of male sexual characteristics.

Androgens

both male and female possess these hormones.

Androgens

Abnormally high level of hormone that can exaggerate male characteristics in both male and female.

Androgens

Consists of the pancreatic islets (Islets of Langerhans).

Pancreas

islets secrete three hormones:

1)insulin 2)glucagon and 3)somatostatin

has an essential role in maintaining homeostasis.

Blood glucose

will cause tissues to break down lipids and proteins to provide an alternative source of energy.

A decreased blood glucose

• As lipids break down, the liver converts fatty acids to ketones. As a result, it can occur

Acidosis

The kidneys produce large volume of urine containing substantial amount of glucose. However, dehydration can result because of rapid loss of water in the form of urine.

Increased blood glucose level

Released from the beta cells

Insulin

Major target tissues of insulin

liver, adipose tissue, muscle and satiety area of hypothalamus.

Occurs when too little insulin is secreted from the pancreas.

Type1DiabetesMellitus

Occurs when lack of number of insulin receptors on target cells or defective target cells do not respond normally to insulin.

Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus

Released from the alpha cells

Glucagon

Binds to membrane-bound receptors of the liver, causing glycogen to convert to glucose.

Glucagon

released into the bloodstream

Glucose

Released from the delta cells

Somatostatin

are structures of the reproductive tract which has an essential role in reproduction.

Testes and ovaries

The male sex hormone is

Testosterone

The female sex hormones are

Estrogen and progesterone

lies in the upper part of the thoracic cavity which functions in immunity.

Thymus

Thymus secretes the hormone “___” which aids in the development of the T-cells.

thymosin

is a small, pinecone-shaped structure located superior and posterior to the thalamus of the brain.

Pineal gland

This produces the hormone “melatonin” which decreases secretion of LH and FSH

Pineal glands