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ANAPHY > Endocrine > Flashcards

Endocrine Flashcards

1
Q

Endocrine derived from the greek words

A

endo - within
krino - secrete

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2
Q

Composed of endocrine glands and specialized endocrine cells located throughout the body.

A

Endocrine system

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3
Q

Endocrine glands secrete chemical messengers called “____” into the bloodstream in order to produce a specific response to ____

A

hormones
target tissues or effectors.

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4
Q

Hormones derived from the Greek word

A

Hormon - to set in motion

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5
Q

hormones has two chemical categories

A
  1. Lipid- soluble
  2. Water-soluble
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6
Q

• Non-polar
• Small size and low solubility
in aqueous fluids.

A

Lipid- soluble hormones

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7
Q

• Polar
• Vary from small to large and
soluble in blood

A

Water-soluble hormones

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8
Q

Receptor Location: Nucleus or cytoplasm

A

Lipid-soluble hormones

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9
Q

• ReceptorLocation:Plasma membrane’s outer surface

A

Water-soluble hormones

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10
Q

Needs a binding protein for transport

A

Lipid-soluble hormones

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11
Q

dissolvedirectly into the blood and are delivered to the target tissue without attaching to binding protein.

A

Large hormones

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12
Q

need attachment to larger protein to avoid being filtered out of the blood.

A

Small hormones

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13
Q

There are three types of stimuli which regulate hormone release

A
  1. Humoral 2. Neural
  2. Hormonal
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14
Q

Blood-borne chemicals which stimulate release of some hormones are called

A

humoral stimuli

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15
Q

It occurs when a secreted hormone stimulates the secretion of other hormones. These hormones are called

A

Tropic hormones

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16
Q

There are hormones that prevents the secretion of other hormones. These hormones are called

A

“inhibiting hormones.”

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17
Q

Hormone release caused by altered levels of certain critical ions or nutrients.

A

Humoral stimulus

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18
Q

Hormone release caused by neural input.

A

Nueral stimulus

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19
Q

Hormone release caused by another hormone (a tropic hormone).

A

Hormonal stimulus

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20
Q

consists of ductless glands

A

Endocrine system

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21
Q

The following are the endocrine glands and organs:

A
  1. Pituitary gland
  2. Thyroid gland
  3. Parathyroid gland
  4. Adrenal glands
  5. Pancreas
  6. Testes and Ovaries
  7. Thymus
  8. Pineal Gland
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22
Q

The pituitary gland is also called the

A

Hypophysis

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23
Q

It is a small gland about the size of a pea.

A

Pituitary gland

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24
Q

It rest in a depression of the sphenoid bone inferior to the hypothalamus of the brain.

A

Pituitary gland

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25
Q

attached to the hypothalamus by this structure.

A

Infudibulum

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26
Q

2 parts of pituitary gland

A

• Anterior pituitary • Posterior pituitary

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27
Q

The thyroid gland is made up of two lobes connected by a narrow band called

A

Isthmus

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28
Q

One of the largest endocrine glands.

A

Thyroid gland

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29
Q

Appears more red than surrounding tissues.

A

Thyroid Gland

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30
Q

Main function: Secretion of thyroid hormones

A

Thyroid Gland

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31
Q

are synthesized and stored within the thyroid follicles.

A

Thyroid hormones

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32
Q

thyroid follicles contain protein called “_____” in which hormones are attached.

A

thyroglobulin

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33
Q

The synthesized hormones in thyroid follicles are

A

thyroxine/tetraiodothyronine(T4) and triiodothyronine (T3)

34
Q

Thyroid hormones have a negative feedback effect on the

A

hypothalamus and pituitary gland.

35
Q

Loss of negative feedback will result in excess TSH. It causes enlargement of the thyroid. This condition is called

A

Goiter

36
Q

lack of thyroid hormones

A

Hypothyroidism

37
Q

Hypothyroidism, In infants, it can result in

A

Cretinism

38
Q

Hypothyroidism, In adults, it can result to

A

decreased metabolic rate, sluggishness, reduced ability to perform routine tasks and myxedema.

39
Q

elevated rate of thyroid hormones

A

Hyperthyroidism

40
Q

a type of of hyperthyroidism that results when the immune system produces abnormal proteins that are similar in structure and function to TSH.

A

Grave’s Disease

41
Q

Four glands embedded in the posterior wall of the thyroid gland.

A

Parathyroid Gland

42
Q

These glands secrete the parathyroid hormone

A

Parathyroid Gland

43
Q

essential in regulation of calcium level.

A

parathyroid hormone

44
Q

Two small glands located superior to each kidney.

A

Adrenal glans

45
Q

Each adrenal gland has an inner part called the

A

Adrenal medulla

46
Q

Each adrenal gland has an outer part called

A

Adrenal cortex

47
Q

The principal hormone released by the adrenal medulla is

A

Epinephrine

48
Q

The adrenal cortex secretes three classes of steroid hormones:

A

1)mineralocorticoids 2)glucocorticoids 3)androgens

49
Q

regulatesbloodvolume and levels of potassium and sodium ions.

A

Mineralocorticoids

50
Q

Major hormone of Mineralocorticoids

A

Aldosterone

51
Q

Binds to receptor molecules in the kidney, but it also affects the intestine, sweat glands and salivary glands.

A

Aldosterone

52
Q

causes sodium ions and water to be retained in the body.

A

Aldosterone

53
Q

regulates blood nutrient levels.

A

Glucocorticoids

54
Q

Major hormone of Glucocorticoids

A

Cortisol

55
Q

Responds in stressful situations

A

Cortisol

56
Q

Increases the breakdown of proteins and lipids. It also increases their conversion to forms of energy the body can use.

A

Cortisol

57
Q

Reduces inflammatory and immune responses.

A

Cortisone

58
Q

Stimulate the development of male sexual characteristics.

A

Androgens

59
Q

both male and female possess these hormones.

A

Androgens

60
Q

Abnormally high level of hormone that can exaggerate male characteristics in both male and female.

A

Androgens

61
Q

Consists of the pancreatic islets (Islets of Langerhans).

A

Pancreas

62
Q

islets secrete three hormones:

A

1)insulin 2)glucagon and 3)somatostatin

63
Q

has an essential role in maintaining homeostasis.

A

Blood glucose

64
Q

will cause tissues to break down lipids and proteins to provide an alternative source of energy.

A

A decreased blood glucose

65
Q

• As lipids break down, the liver converts fatty acids to ketones. As a result, it can occur

A

Acidosis

66
Q

The kidneys produce large volume of urine containing substantial amount of glucose. However, dehydration can result because of rapid loss of water in the form of urine.

A

Increased blood glucose level

67
Q

Released from the beta cells

A

Insulin

68
Q

Major target tissues of insulin

A

liver, adipose tissue, muscle and satiety area of hypothalamus.

69
Q

Occurs when too little insulin is secreted from the pancreas.

A

Type1DiabetesMellitus

70
Q

Occurs when lack of number of insulin receptors on target cells or defective target cells do not respond normally to insulin.

A

Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus

71
Q

Released from the alpha cells

A

Glucagon

72
Q

Binds to membrane-bound receptors of the liver, causing glycogen to convert to glucose.

A

Glucagon

73
Q

released into the bloodstream

A

Glucose

74
Q

Released from the delta cells

A

Somatostatin

75
Q

are structures of the reproductive tract which has an essential role in reproduction.

A

Testes and ovaries

76
Q

The male sex hormone is

A

Testosterone

77
Q

The female sex hormones are

A

Estrogen and progesterone

78
Q

lies in the upper part of the thoracic cavity which functions in immunity.

A

Thymus

79
Q

Thymus secretes the hormone “___” which aids in the development of the T-cells.

A

thymosin

80
Q

is a small, pinecone-shaped structure located superior and posterior to the thalamus of the brain.

A

Pineal gland

81
Q

This produces the hormone “melatonin” which decreases secretion of LH and FSH

A

Pineal glands

ANAPHY (18 decks)

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