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nerves Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

knee jerk

A

stretch receptors in quadriceps detect stretch

nerve impulse passes along the sensory neurone to the relay then from the relay to the motor neurone

motor neurone carries the impulse to the effector (quadricep muscle) causing it to contract

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2
Q

neurotransmitter in sympathetic branch

A

noradrenaline

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3
Q

neurotransmitter in parasympathetic branch

A

acetylcholine

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4
Q

5 types of receptors

A

chemoreceptors

mechanoreceptors (pressure)

baroreceptors (blood pressure)

thermoreceptors

osmoreceptors

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5
Q

negative feedback +example

A

restores the level back to normal

body temp

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6
Q

positive feedback +example

A

positive feedback amplifies a change from the normal level

forming blood clots

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7
Q

the role of sensory receptors

A

to convert the energy from stimuli into nerve impulses

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8
Q

transducer

A

something that converts one energy to another one

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9
Q

resting potential

A

a difference in charges

3NA+ out for every 2K+ in

-70mv

sodium potassium pump and potassium ion channels (allows potassium ions out)

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10
Q

what channels open when a stimulus is detected

A

sodium ion channels

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11
Q

threshold value

A

-55mv

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12
Q

Depolarisation

A

occurs when threshold value is reached and the voltage gated sodium ion channels open so sodium ions can diffuse into the neurone

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13
Q

what value does the voltage gated sodium ion channels close?

A

+30 mv

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14
Q

what process occurs at +30mv?

A

Repolarisation

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15
Q

Repolarisation

A

sodium ion channels close and voltage gated potassium ion channels open to allow them to diffuse out

a form of negative feedback as it attempts to get the membrane back to its resting potential

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16
Q

hyperpolarisation

A

the charge goes lower than resting potential (lower than -70mv)

too many potassium ions diffuse out

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17
Q

resting potential

A

ion channels are reset

sodium potassium pump and potassium ion channels

18
Q

why are action potentials described as ‘all or nothing’ ?

A

because if the threshold value isn’t reached then an action potential will not fire,

the frequency of the action potentials depends on the size of the stimulus

19
Q

where does depolarisation occur in a myelinated neurone?

A

at the nodes of ranvier

20
Q

why is the electrical impulse able to jump from node to node in a myelinated neurone?

A

because they are able to saltatory conduct enough electrical charge to depolarise the next neurone

21
Q

what is the name of the enzyme that breaks down acetylcholine?

A

acetylcholinesterase

22
Q

how is a neurotransmitter transmitted across a synapse?

A

the action potential stimulates the voltage gated calcium ion channels to open causing calcium ions to diffuse into the presynaptic knob

the calcium ions move the vesicles towards the presynaptic membrane and fuse with it releasing the neurotransmitter into the synaptic cleft

the neurotransmitter fuses with the specific receptors on the postsynaptic membrane causing the sodium ion channels to open causing depolarisation

this generates an action potential if the threshold value is reached

23
Q

spatial summation

A

when many neurones release enough neurotransmitters to trigger an action potential

24
Q

temporal summation

A

when one neurone has a high enough frequency to increase the likelihood of an action potential due to their being more neurotransmitters released

25
Q

the blinking reflex

A

sensory nerve endings in the cornea are stimulated by the stimulus

a nerve impulse is sent along the sensory neurone to the relay neurone then to the motor neurone

the motor neurone sends the impulse to the effectors to moe the eyelids

26
Q

what affects does adrenaline have during the flight or fight response?

A

heart rate increases so blood is pumped faster

glycogen is converted to glucose so muscles can respire

skin and gut constrict so blood is diverted away from them and towards the heart lungs and skeletal muscles

27
Q

what is the name of the cell membrane of muscle fibre cells

A

sarcolemma

28
Q

T tubules

A

help to spread electrical impulses throughout the sarcoplasm

29
Q

sarcoplasmic riticulum

A

network of internal membranes

store and release calcium ions during muscle contraction

30
Q

thick myofilaments

A

myosin

31
Q

thin myofilaments

A

actin

32
Q

H zone

A

only contains myosin filaments

33
Q

tropomyosin

A

blocks the actin myosin binding site

34
Q

troponin

A

holds the tropomyosin in place

35
Q

what happens when an action potential triggers a muscle contraction? (5)

A

depolarisation spreads down the T tubules to the sarcoplasmic reticulum

SR releases calcium ions into the sarcoplasm

calcium ions bind to troponin and change its shape to pull the tropomyosin out

myosin head can bind to the actin filaments

forms an actin myosin cross bridge

36
Q

how do the myosin heads move during a muscle contraction? (2)

A

calcium ions activate ATPase which breaks down ATP

the energy released from ATP moves the myosin heads which pulls the actin filaments along

37
Q

once the myosin head has moved, how is the cross bridge broken? (3)

A

the myosin head detaches from the actin filament using the energy from ATP

the myosin head then reattaches to a different binding site forming a new cross bridge

the cycle continues as long as calcium ions are present and bound to troponin

38
Q

skeletal muscles

A

involved in voluntary/consciously controlled muscle contractions

striated

many nuclei

39
Q

smooth muscle

A

involuntary muscle contraction

found in walls of gut and blood vessels

contract slowly

40
Q

cardiac muscles

A

contracts automatically

walls of the heart

striated

branched to allow a quick spread of nerve impulses

contract rhythmically

Biology (31 decks)

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