Liver

Question 1

Functions of the liver (3)

Answer 1

breakdown of excess amino acids

removal of harmful substances (alcohol, paracetamol)

store of glycogen

Question 2

Main metabolic waste products

Answer 2

Carbon dioxide

Bile pigments

Nitrogenous waste

Question 3

Excretion

Answer 3

The removal of waste products of metabolism from the body

Question 4

Store of Glycogen

Answer 4

When BG levels rise, there is an increase in insulin which stimulates hepatocytes. These convert Glucose to Glycogen

Question 5

Breakdown of harmful substances (3) alcohol, paracetamol, insulin

Answer 5

Alcohol- broken down into ethanal then acetic acid
Excess alcohol leads to cirrhosis of the liver (dead cells and scarring)

Paracetamol- excess paracetamol leads to liver and kidney failure

Insulin- excess insulin raises blood sugar levels (diabetes)

Question 6

Hepatocytes (4)

Answer 6

liver cells
they have a large nuclei
prominent golgi apparatus
lots of mitochondria

Question 7

How is the Liver adapted? (4)

Answer 7

Kubffer cells act as macrophages and digest foreign cells

Hepatic Artery carries oxygenated blood to the liver

Hepatic portal vein brings products of digestion and cell metabolism to the liver

Hepatic vein removes deoxygenated blood along with products of detoxification (urea) away from the liver

Question 8

Break down of amino acids (4)

Answer 8

The amine group is removed to form ammonia and an organic compound

this organic compound is either respired to give ATP or converted to a carbohydrate and stored as glycogen

Ammonia is too toxic to be directly excreted, instead it is combined with CO2 to form urea (in the ornithine cycle)

The urea is released into the blood and the kidneys filter it out as urine

Question 9

Kupffer cells

Answer 9

They act as macrophages, protect the hepatocytes by engulfing and destroying any bacteria

Question 10

sinosoids

Answer 10

mix all the blood (from the oxygenated portal vein to the one thats rich in digestive products)

Question 11

portal vein

Answer 11

contain digestive products (blood from the duodenum and ileum)

Question 12

what do hepatocytes remove from sinosoids

Answer 12

oxygen and harmful substances

Question 13

hepatic artery

Answer 13

carries oxygenated blood to the liver

Question 14

hepatic portal vein

Answer 14

brings products of digestion and cell metabolism to the liver

Question 15

hepatic vein

Answer 15

removes deoxygenated blood along with products of detoxification (urea) away from the liver