Nerve/Synapse - Lecture 5 Flashcards

1
Q

3 main types of synapses

A
  1. Axodendritic : Synapse on the dendrites
  2. Axosomatic : Synapse on the soma (cell body)
  3. Axoaxonic : Synapse on the presynaptic terminal
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2
Q

What structure covers dendrites in a large number

A

Spines

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3
Q

Within the 3 types of synapses, which one is the most common

A

Axodendritic synapse

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4
Q

2 types of axodendritic synapse and their distinctions

A
  1. Spine synapse - on spines + main EXCITATORY synapse in the brain
  2. Shaft synpase - on dendrite body (shaft) + INHIBITORY and will equilibrate effect of spine synapse
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5
Q

Something particular about axosomatic synapse

A

Often inhibitory

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6
Q

How high number of spines on dendrites was visualized

A

Using antibodies specific to proteins associated to spines and using fluorescence

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7
Q

Even though a neuron has one cell body, it can have ___________ of synpases on its ___________ as its axon seperates in different __________

A

synapses. presynaptic terminals. branches

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8
Q

Characteristic of AP in neuron’s different branches

A

Has the same size and pattern/frequency everywhere in a neuron cause it comes from the same cell body

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9
Q

Multiple presynaptic terminals can send a message to the ____________

A

same postsynaptic spine

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10
Q

2 structures we can recognize in a presynaptic terminal

A

Presynaptic vesicles and the active zone

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11
Q

What are presynaptic vesicles

A

spheres of phospholipids containing neurotransmitters

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12
Q

1 structure we can recognize in postsynaptic spine and what is found there

A

Postsynaptic density. Full of specialized proteins involved in synapse

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13
Q

What is special about active zone

A

Vesicles are docked there by a complex of proteins

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14
Q

What seperates presynaptic terminal and postsynaptic spine and Structure/Function link

A

Extremely narrow extracellular space called the synaptic cleft. Extremely narrow to facilitate rapid diffusion of neurotransmitters and maximize synapse speed

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15
Q

2 groups of presynaptic vesicles

A

Those that are in the active zone and those that are a back up

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16
Q

Concentration of calcium ions inside vs outside neuron

A

Inside : Very very few

Outside : 0.5 mM (mmol/L)

17
Q

What starts synapse

A

Arrival of AP at the presynaptic terminal (+) activates voltage-gated calcium channels and calcium enters presynaptic terminal

18
Q

What happens after calcium enters presynaptic terminal

A

Cascade of biochemical processes triggers release of neurotransmitters by fusion of vesicles to the membrane

19
Q

What is found on the postsynaptic spine (on postsynaptic densities more precisely)

A

Ligand-gated ion channels. When bound by neurotransmitters, will make membrane permeable to their specific ions.

20
Q

What is particular about the calcium-dependent fusion of synaptic vesicles in active zone

A

Voltage-gated calcium channels are bound to the complex of proteins which binds the vesicles

21
Q

What happens to vesicle after it fuses to release the neurotransmitters

A

Joins back into a circle in the cytoplasm and will be refilled with neurotransmitters

22
Q

What is the advantage of the voltage-gated ion channels being part of the protein/vesicle complex

A

When Ca 2+ enters the cell, finds the proteins rapidly and process is fast

23
Q

What Botox, Tetanus toxins and Black widow spider venom do (how they act)

A

They chew up (decompose/cut) proteins in the complex in the active zone so synapse doesn’t work anymore

24
Q

Effect of botox

A

Less vesicles fusion. In face, muscles, will reduce synapses that control muscle movement and this will relax the face muscles.

25
Q

Effect of black widow spider venom

A

Uncontrollable fusion of vesicles (opposite of botox)

26
Q

2 types of postsynaptic responses to neurotransmitters

A

EPSP (excitatory postsynaptic potential) : depolarizes membrane or IPSP (inhibitory postsynaptic potential) : hyperpolarizes membrane

27
Q

Main excitatory neurotransmitter in the brain and what type of molecule it is

A

glutamate : amino acid

28
Q

What is an ionotropic receptor

A

Ion channels that open in response to binding of small molecules to receptor sites on their external surface

29
Q

2 types of ionotropic glutamate receptors and which type is responsible for EPSPs

A

AMPA receptors (responsible for EPSP) and NMDA receptors

30
Q

Characteristic of AMPA receptors’ EPSP

A

fast

31
Q

AMPA receptors are different than ______ and ______ channels

A

leak ion channels and voltage-gated ion channels

32
Q

EPSP magnitude in typical brain synapse and duration

A

depolarization of approx. 2 mV and lasts 20 msec

33
Q

How many EPSPs required to depolarize initial segment of the axon to the threshold and 2 ways they can be obtained

A

50-100 near-simultaneous EPSPs. Can come from multiple synapses acting in synchrony and/or from individual synapse activated at a high frequency.