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PHGY 209 > Blood part 2 > Flashcards

Blood part 2 Flashcards

1
Q

Factors that influence transcapillary dynamics (4)

A

Hydrostatic pressure, C.O.P, Capillary permeability, lymphatic drainage

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2
Q

What is edema

A

accumulation of excess fluid in interstitial spaces

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3
Q

ISF/plasma distribution normal vs Edema

A

For person w/ edema, more ISF and less plasma

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4
Q

Conditions under which edema can develop

A

Higher hydrostatic pressure, lower oncotic (C.O.P) pressure, higher capillary permeability, no lymphatic drainage

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5
Q

Increased hydrostatic pressure consequence

A

Ex. BP is 55 mm Hg at arterial end of cap. and 25 mm Hg at venous end of cap. -> Net filtration pressure of 30 mm Hg at arterial end and Net absorption pressure of 0 mm Hg at venous end

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6
Q

Decreased C.O.P consequence

A

Ex. BP is 35 mm Hg at arterial end of cap. and 15 mm Hg at venous end of cap. (as usual) but C.O.P is 15 mm Hg instead of 25 mm Hg-> Net filtration pressure of 20 mm Hg at arterial end and Net absorption pressure of 0 mm Hg at venous end

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7
Q

2 possible causes for decreased C.O.P

A
  1. Failure to synthesize plasma proteins (ex. liver disease)

2. Severe protein malnutrition

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8
Q

How increased capillary permeability can cause edema

A

More proteins in ISF, where they exert an oncotic effect. Possible conseq. C.O.P of 20 mm Hg (where fluid tends to go in capillary) and C.O.P of 5 mm Hg (where fluid tends to go in ISF)

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9
Q

How obstructed lymphatic drainage can cause edema

A

10% fluid filtered out of capillary that is not reabsorbed stays in ISF

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10
Q

Ex. Disease where lymphatic drainage is obstructed

A

elephantiasis

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11
Q

Elephantiasis cause

A

Parasite infestation (Filaria nematode) spread by mosquitos. Their larva enters blood and will block lymph nodes –> lymphatic obstruction

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12
Q

3 roles of plasma proteins

A

1) Determining distribution of fluid between ISF and plasma by controlling transcapillary dynamics
2) Contribute to viscosity of plasma
3) Contribute to buffering power of plasma

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13
Q

Why viscosity of blood is important

A

It’s a factor that contributes to the maintenance of blood pressure

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14
Q

Specific role of fibrinogen and some globulins

A

Clotting

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15
Q

Specific role of gamma globulins

A

gamma globulins = immunoglobulins. SPECIFIC resistance to infection

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16
Q

Specific role of albumin and some globulins

A

carriers for lipids, minerals and hormones

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17
Q

why iron has to be transported by plasma proteins

A

free iron is iron oxyde

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18
Q

why hormones have to be transported by plasma proteins

A

most hormones are fat soluble

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19
Q

3 categories of blood cells (also mention synonyms)

A

Red blood cells (erythrocytes), Platelets and White blood cells (leukocytes)

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20
Q

Leukocytes : what cells in that category and what they all have

A

Lymphocytes, Granulocytes, Macrophages, Monocytes –> all nucleated cells

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21
Q

3 categories of blood cells : concentration of each

A

RBCs: 5x10^6 per microliter, platelets: 250 000 - 400 000 per microliter, leukocytes : 8000 - 10 000 per microliter

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22
Q

3 categories of blood cells : size of each

A

RBCs : 7.2 micrometer, Platelets : 2-3 micrometer, WBCs : 10 - 18 micrometer

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23
Q

3 categories of blood cells : life span in blood circulation

A

RBCs : 120 days, Platelets : 7-8 days, WBCs : hours to years

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24
Q

Something unique about leukocytes

A

Only ones (only cells in blood) that have a nucleus IN THEIR MATURE FORM

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25
Q

what do we call the production of blood cells

A

hematopoiesis

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26
Q

Where blood cells come from

A

All derived from a common multipotential (pluripotential) hematopoietic stem cell

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27
Q

what do we call the production of RBCs

A

erythropoiesis

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28
Q

what do we call the production of platelets

A

thrombopoiesis

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29
Q

what do we call the production of leukocytes (WBCs)

A

leukopoiesis

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30
Q

what pluripotential stem cell does and why

A

Because of an INDUCER (induction by something in their environment - molecule, etc.), self-replicate and differentiate into 3 types of COMMITTED stem cells

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31
Q

what 3 types of committed stem cells do and why

A

Because of a STIMULANT, 3 types do leukopoiesis, thrombopoiesis and erythropoiesis

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32
Q

General mode of action of stem cells

A

Upon induction, they do 1) divison and 2) differentiation

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33
Q

What are cytokines

A

substances (proteins or peptides) released by one cell and affect growth, development and activity of another cell

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34
Q

what do we call cytokines influencing proliferation and differentiation of blood cell precursors

A

Hematopoietic growth factors (HGFs)

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35
Q

Scheme of differention of pluripotential hematopoietic stem cell

A

Becomes lymphoid stem cell or myeloid stem cell. Lymphoid stem cells give lymphocytes. Myeloid stem cells (after multiple differentiations) give erythrocytes, granulocytes, basophils, eosinophils, monocytes and platelets (which comme from megakaryocyte)

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36
Q

how can we reconstitute all hematopoietic cell types

A

Injection of bone marrow stem cells

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37
Q

Prenatal sites of hematopoiesis

A

yolk sac until 3 months, liver and spleen from month 1 to 9 - peak at 5, skeleton from months 4 to birth - peak at birth

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38
Q

Postnatal sites of hematopoiesis

A

Distal long bones until 25 years old and axial skeleton whole life

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39
Q

Axial skeleton -> which bones ?

A

Flat bones of skull, shoulder blade (reminder : = omoplate), pelvis, vertebrae (pl. of vertebra), sternum (between the ribs), ribs, proxymal epiphyses (one of the two epiphyses of a bone) of long bones

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40
Q

Long bones parts (2) (ex. in notes is femur)

A

2 Epiphyses (sing. = epiphysis) and diaphysis = the middle

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41
Q

Function of erythrocytes

A

Facilitate transport of respiratory gases between lungs and cells

42
Q

RBC shape and dimension

A

biconcave disk (7.7 micrometer long - 7.2 previously so approx. + 2.6 micrometer wide on side and 0.8 micrometer wide in the middle)

43
Q

Advantage of RBC shape (2)

A
  1. Maximal surface area and minimal diffusion distance for its volume (increases efficiency of O2 and CO2 diffusion –> FICK’S LAW)
  2. High degree of flexibility (allows it to squeeze through narrow - means much long more long than wide, think of elongated - capillaries) 7 micrometer RBC can go through 3 micrometer wide capillary
44
Q

RBC count in males and females + total count

A

M : 5.1 - 5.5 x10^6 per microliter F: 4.5-4.8 x10^6 per microliter. Total : 25 x 10^12 / 5L

45
Q

Note on RBCs

A

No subcellular organelles : no nucleus, no ribosomes, etc.

46
Q

Why RBCs need energy and how they make energy

A

For maintaining their shape, for the Na+/K+ pump, etc.

Use Enzyme systems

47
Q

First enzyme system why it is needed and what it does

A

Glycolytic enzymes : Generate energy. No mitochondria so use it to produce ATP

48
Q

Second enzyme system

A

Carbonic anhydrase : CO2 transport

49
Q

RBC composition

A

33% Hb and rest is water and lipids, protein, ions

50
Q

Hemoglobin structure

A

Globin with 4 chains: beta chain 1 and 2, alpha chain 1 and 2. in each chain, heme group with Fe2+ in it

51
Q

MW of hemoglobin and count in one RBC

A

64 K (Molec. weight similar to albumin). 200-300 x 10^6 molecules of Hb in each RBC.

52
Q

What is heme and occurence in one Hb

A

molecule of organic pigment : 1 per chain (4 in one Hb)

53
Q

What heme does and frequency in one Hb

A

Each heme binds O2 molecule

54
Q

Hb what it does in lungs and in tissues and how it appears

A

In lungs, Hb becomes saturated with O2 (appears bright red). In tissues, O2 dissociates from Hb (Hb appears dark red)

55
Q

Normal solubility of O2 in plasma

A

0.3 mL O2/100 mL plasma (very low)

56
Q

Carrying capacity of O2 in blood (because

A

20 mL/100 mL of blood

57
Q

Hb functions (3)

A

1) Transport of O2 2) Transport of CO2 3) Act as a buffer

58
Q

Hb equilibrium reaction with O2 transport

A

Hb + O2 —- (eq) —- HbO2

59
Q

Advantages of having Hb inside the cell rather than dissolved in plasma (3)

A

1) Plasma viscosity 2) Plasma C.O.P 3) Loss via Kidney

60
Q

Hemoglobin values in males and females

A

M: 16g/100 ml blood F: 14g/100 ml blood

61
Q

When Hb is fully saturated with O2, each g of Hb holds________ of O2

A

1.34 ml O2 per gram of Hb (note : one Hb molecule is not 1g of Hb )

62
Q

Estimation of O2 carrying capacity of blood

A

15g of Hg (per 100 mL of blood) * 1.34 ml of O2 per g of Hb = 20 ml O2 / 100 ml blood

63
Q

Factors affecting ability of Hb to bind and release O2 (5)

A

Temperature, Ionic composition, pH, pCO2, Intracellular enzyme concentration

64
Q

RBC precursors : time length of division and differentiation and where it happens

A

3-5 days. Bone marrow

65
Q

Last step of RBC precursor differentiation, duration and where it happens

A

Reticulocyte -> RBC. 24 hours. In circulation

66
Q

Initial RBC stem cell size

A

18 micrometers

67
Q

3 things that happen to stem cells during erythropoiesis (in order to become RBCs)

A
  1. Decrease in size 2. Loss of nucleus 3. Accumulation of Hb
68
Q

Normal reticulocyte count: how much, what’s the other name for it and what it reflects

A

<1%. Also reticulocyte index. Reflects amount of effective erythropoiesis in bone marrow

69
Q

Factors determining number of RBCs (2)

A

O2 requirements

O2 availability

70
Q

2 (related) examples of factors that can influence O2 availability

A

Altitude and pO2

71
Q

What is erythropoietin

A

Glycoprotein hormone/cytokine produced largerly by the kidney

72
Q

What is the stimulus for erythropoietin release and what could possibly cause that

A

Hypoxia (decreased RBC count, decreased availability of O2 to blood, increased tissue demand for O2)

73
Q

Erythropoietin abreviation. To what extent is erythropoietin known

A

EPO has been purified, sequenced, gene has been cloned and EPO has been produced by recombinant DNA technology

74
Q

Regulation of erythropoiesis

A

Bone marrow -> low RBC -> low oxygen supply -> low oxygen supply to kidneys -> hypoxia and increase of erythropoietin release -> erythropoietin in plasma -> EPO goes to bone marrow

75
Q

What erythropoietin does

A

Stimulates bone marrow to produce more RBCs thereby maintaining homeostasis

76
Q

cascade of events after a severe accidental hemorrhage

A

less Hb available for O2 transport -> reduced supply of O2 to kidneys -> increased production and release of EPO –> increased production of erythrocyte precursors in bone marrow –> increased discharge of young erythrocytes in blood –> More Hb for O2 transport (negative feedback loop that downregulates production and release of EPO in kidneys)

77
Q

EPO inducer or stimulant

A

Stimulant : Stimulates proliferation of COMMITED STEM CELL (to erythropoeitin)
(Inducer stimulates self-replication and differentiation of pluripotential stem cell)

78
Q

Erythropoeitin action (2 things it does)

A

EPO stimulates proliferation of stem cell commited to erythropoiesis and Accelerates maturation of cells leading to Reticulocytes

79
Q

What hormones can affect EPO quantity (2)

A

Testosterone -> increases release of EPO (hypoxia) and sensitivity of RBC precursors to EPO.
Estrogen : opposite effect

80
Q

Why males have higher amount of RBC

A

more testosterone than females -> higher release of EPO (hypoxia) and sensitivity of RBC precursors to EPO

81
Q

T/F : RBC life span can be prolonged

A

F -> nothing prolongs RBC lifespan

82
Q

What happens to old RBCs

A

recognized and removed from circulation by system of highly phagocytic cells called macrophages

83
Q

What happens after phagocytosis of RBC

A

digestive enzymes of macrophage degrade RBC membrane and its constituents

84
Q

What happens after digestion of RBC by macrophage

A

Contents released

85
Q

Macrophage digestion of RBC things released

A

From Hb, Heme group, globin, iron.

86
Q

What happens with globin released from RBC digestion by macrophage

A

Degraded into a pool of amino acids

87
Q

What happens with iron released from RBC digestion by macrophage

A

Sticks to transferrin (iron transport protein in plasma)

88
Q

Why transferrin necessary for the body

A

Free iron would be toxic for the body

89
Q

What transferrin does (2)

A

1) Iron ions transfered to ferritin that is stored in liver, spleen, gut
2) Transfers iron to the bone marrow

90
Q

What ferritin does

A

Releases iron in the bone marrow

91
Q

What happens to heme group released from RBC digestion by macrophage

A

Transformed into bilirubin (a brown/yellow pigment)

92
Q

What gives plasma its colour and what’s its concentration

A

bilirubin 1 mg/dL

93
Q

What happens to bilirubin

A

Goes through liver and and goes through intestinal tract via bile

94
Q

Why feces are brown

A

because bilirubin in intestinal tract is transformed in other pigments by the bacteria

95
Q

why urine is yellow

A

contains bilirubin

96
Q

What is jaundice and medical term for it

A

Yellowing of skin, nails, organs, eyes. Icterus is the medical term

97
Q

4 possible causes for jaundice

A
  1. Excessive hemolysis (RBC destruction)
  2. Hepatic damage (liver)
  3. Bile duct obstruction (bilirubin transported from liver to intest tract via bile)
  4. Dehydration
98
Q

Other case where jaundice occurs

A

Neonatal jaundice. In the womb, baby produces more RBC for more oxygen, but this stops after birth

99
Q

Normal dynamic for RBC

A

Production = Destruction

100
Q

Abnormal dynamics for RBC and name of pathology

A

Production > Destruction –> Polycythemia

Production < Destruction –> Anemia

PHGY 209 (17 decks)

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