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PHGY 209 > ANS - Lecture 4 > Flashcards

ANS - Lecture 4 Flashcards

1
Q

In ANS, 2 neurons that connect CNS to the target neuron

A

preganglionic neuron and postganglionic neuron

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2
Q

Where pre and post ganglionic neuron synapse.

A

In the autonomic ganglia

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3
Q

What is an autonomic ganglia

A

collection of dendrites, cell bodies, synapses in the PNS. There are many

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4
Q

SS (symp. system) : where cell body of pregang. neuron and where it synapses/where axon reaches out

A

In the spinal cord, axon reaches out just outside the spinal cord and synapses with postgang. neuron

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5
Q

SS postgang. neuron length

A

long (reaches out from near spinal cord to the organ)

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6
Q

SS : Synapse 1 is excit. or inhib.

A

excitatory

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7
Q

SS : Synapse 1 neurotrans. and receptor on the postgang. cell

A

ACh. nACh receptors

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8
Q

SS : Synapse 2 (on the target tissue) excit. or inhib.

A

Can be either. Depends on target tissue

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9
Q

SS : Synapse 2 neurotransm.

A

Norepinephrine (neuromodulator btw)

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10
Q

SS : Norepinephrine effect on heart and on bronchial tubes

A

Heart : Faster heartbeat

Bronchial tubes : Smooth muscle relaxes (not activating), tubes expand

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11
Q

SS : Synapse 2 receptors on target organ (2), difference + type of receptor

A

alpha-adrenergic receptors or beta-adrenergic receptors

similar structure, pharmacologically diff. Metabotropic receptors

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12
Q

PSS (parasymp. system) : Where cell body of preganglionic neuron is

A

Brain stem (most of them) and sacral part of the spinal cord

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13
Q

PSS : pregang. neuron length

A

long, extends almost all the way to target organ

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14
Q

PSS : postgang. neuron length

A

short, short axons directly into target tissue

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15
Q

PSS : Synapse 1 excit. or inhib. + neurotransm. and receptor

A

excitatory (just like SS synpase 1). ACh, nACh receptors

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16
Q

PSS : Synapse 2 excit or inhib. + neurotransm + receptors

A

Can be either excit. or inhib. ACh, muscarinic ACh receptors

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17
Q

muscarinic ACh receptors what type of receptor

A

Metabotropic receptors

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18
Q

PSS : ACh effect on heart and on bronchial tubes

A

Heart : Slower heartbeat

Bronchial tubes : Causes contractions of smooth muscle (activating)

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19
Q

Ultimately, what is the diff. between SS and PSS

A

Pharmalogical differences that neurotransmitters have on target organs (how they affect target cells)

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20
Q

SS : Distribution of preganglionic neurons

A

Originate from thoracic and lumbar parts of spinal cord

21
Q

SS : Specific name of where Synapse 1 takes place + name of these when aligned

A

SS : Synapse 1 in sympathetic ganglia. Aligned sympathetic ganglia along spinal cord = sympathetic trunks

22
Q

Most important nerve in the PSS (main PS output nerve)

A

Vagus nerve

23
Q

Where vagus nerve originates and where it goes (4)

A

In brainstem (vagus nerve is a cranial nerve). Goes to heart, digestive tract, bronchi and gallbladder)

24
Q

ANS response to sensory inputs + info relay with CNS (4 steps)

A

1) Sensory components of ANS collect info
2) Info sent to CNS
3) CNS decides what to do (unconscious)
4) ANS reacts based on CNS order

25
Q

4 ways to carry info (afferents) to CNS (from ANS)

A

Vagus nerve (output and input back to CNS - brainstem), glossopharyngeal nerve, facial nerves, pain afferents around body

26
Q

Brainstem importance in ANS (2)

A

integrates autonomic inputs and regulates autonomic outputs

27
Q

Most important region of the brainstem where integration regulation of autonomic inputs/outputs takes place

A

A brainstem nuclei called the nucleus of the solitary tract

28
Q

What is a nucleus in neuroanatomy

A

Collection of neurons/synapses in the CNS

29
Q

Sensory inputs don’t stop at brainstem. 3 higher brain centers involved in homeostasis

A

Hypothalamus
Amygdala
Limbic cortex

30
Q

What limbic cortex is and does

A

Part of cerebral cortex that connects cognitive states (ex. being scared) to physiological responses (faster heartbeat)

31
Q

What regulates autonomic reflexes in the brainstem

A

Higher brain centers

32
Q

Main higher brain center that regulates autonomic responses in the brain stem + general function

A

Hypothalamus. Maintains homeostasis and regulates 3 diff. systems

33
Q

Hypothalamus job in general

A

Maintains homestasis, regulates and coordinates 3 diff. systems

34
Q

3 different systems coordinated and regulated by the hypothalamus

A

ANS, endocrine system and connection between cognition/behaviour and physiological states

35
Q

How hypothalamus regulates/ coords ANS

A

Through connections between the hypothalamus and the brainstem

36
Q

How hypothalamus regulates/coords endocrine system

A

Connections between the hypothalamus and the pituitary gland

37
Q

What endocrine system does

A

Release various hormones in bloodstream

38
Q

How hypothalamus connects cognition/behaviour and physiological states

A

Through connections with the limbic (cerebral) cortex

39
Q

Hypothalamus action when we’re cold (ex. of coord/regul. of the 3 systems)

A
  1. Communicates to ANS through brainstem to start shivering - raise body T
  2. Comm. to endocrine syst (pituitary gland) to release hormones that raise metabolism.
  3. Comm. to limbic (cereb.) cortex to motivate to get a sweater
40
Q

5 phgy needs regulated by Hypothalamus

A

BP, T, energy metabolism, reproduction, emergency responses to stress

41
Q

How the hypothalamus ‘‘regulates’’ (based on what)

A

Based on biological set points

42
Q

Where hypothalamus receives sensory inputs from (2)

A
  1. Sensory neurons in the body

2. Sensory neurons within the hypothalamus

43
Q

How ANS links physiological states to emotion and cognitive states

A

Through connection with hypothalamus, which is connected to the limbic system.

44
Q

Region of the brain where limbic system is found

A

Ventromedial prefrontal cortex

45
Q

Relay of information (4 structures) that links phgy states to emotion/cognitive states

A

ANS HypothalamusAmygdalaVentromedial prefrontal cortex

46
Q

Amygdala role (3 things to note)

A

Emotions
Links what body does and how we feel about it
Important in context of fear

47
Q

How many amygdalas

A

2 amygdalas on each side of the brain

48
Q

2 possible consequences of lesions to an amygdala

A

1) No phgy/emotional responses to pictures that should cause strong reactions
2) Failure to remember emotionally charged picture better than emotionally neutral ones

49
Q

Frequency of individuals with both amygdalas lost.

A

Very rare

PHGY 209 (17 decks)

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