Immunology 3rd lecture Flashcards
the ________is called the pAPC (___) because ____________
dendritic cell, professional antigen presentic cell, it has 2 phases in its life
Name of the phenomenon where _____ % of cells die in the thymus is : _____. (1st step to making sure _________)
95, central immune tolerance, make sure no cells around that will kill our cells
what is the 1st specific cell in adaptive immune response
T helper cell
If coreception doesn’t occur, there is no immune response and __________
T helper cell becomes tolerant to that epitope
After coreception occurs ____ cell binds to _________ cell with its ________ binding to the __________. At the same time, the ____ cell binds to a bacteria on the _________ cell with its _____________
B, T helper, CD40 receptor, CD40 ligand of T helper cell. B, dendritic cell, surface immunoglobulin
Each ___ cell can do _____ antibody(s) for ____ specific ________
B, 1, 1, epitope
when B cell binds to T cell, ___ cell produces __________ that go the ____ cell and that will help for 2 things : _________ and _________
T, interleukin 4,5,6, B cell, help to mature and cause large divison and form a clone (big family) of B cells.
3 things that need to happen for a good _______ response
for good humoral response, 1) recognition of MHC class 2 + peptide by receptor on T helper cell + coreception 2)Binding of surface immunoglobin of the B-cell to a bug on surface of dendritic cell 3)Binding of B cell CD40 receptor to T helper cell CD40 ligand + release of interleukin 4,5,6
All biological activities have _________
shut-off controls (ex: coagulation, hormone action, thrombolysis, etc.)
In immunological response, shut-off control is called ______________. It involves the displacement of ______ and ______ by __________ or ________
Checkpoint inhibition, CD28 and B7, no coreception, CTLA4 or PD-1
After coreception happens, ___________ happens as a shut-off control and ______ or _____ or both displace _________ and _______ by binding to one or the other (but on image they bind to ______
checkpoint inhibition, CTLA4 or PD-1 or both, CD28 and B7, on image bind to B7
the _____________ cell downregulates the immune response by avoiding us of seeing _________ as dangerous. This is called ____________
T regulatory cell, our own cells, peripheral tolerance
CTLA4 is not only found in _______ cell but also on ____________ so it can also shut-off ________ on its own
T helper cell, T regulatory cell, immune response
Antibodies occuer in which serum globulins ?
alpha 2, beta and particularly gamma globulins
major producers of immunoglobulins
plasma cells (fully differentiated B cells - part of WBCs in the blood - that produce a single type of antibody)
What happens during myeloma and what did this allow that wasn’t possible before
plasma cells form a peak (high qt) of immunoglobulins (against we don’t know what). because proportion of immunoglobulins was high, it allowed chemists to identify the structure of immunoglobulin. (wasn’t possible because globulins are very heterogeneous)
Antibodies are involved in _______ immunity. Antibody is synonym to _______. Basic structure : ___ …. There are ______ bonds ______(interchain bonds) and _______ (intrachain bonds) all chains.
humoral. immunoglobulin. 4 monomeric fractions. 2 identical light chains (kappa or lambda) that determine immunoglobulin TYPE. and 2 identical heavy chains
There are ___ classes of immunoglobulins (Ig) that are determined by the _____ chain (tip for the 5 classes + say them) and there are _______ types of Igs, determined by the _______ chain (which are ___ and ___)
5, heavy. maged mu alpha gamma epsilon delta. 2, light, kappa and lambda.
First class of antibody molecule to be made in all immune response and what happens after
IgM, depending on response from the host, it classes switches to IgG, IgA or IgE
IgD and IgE properties
IgD : not known
IgE : mastocytophilic properties : binds to mast cells and causes allergy
IgM and IgG what they do and why IgM switches to IgG during bacterial infection
IgM : binding complement IgG : complement binding and can transfer to placent . IgM switches to IgG because IgM is a difficult molecule to make for the body (requires a lot of energy)
IgA properties. what allows it to cross mucus membrane
secretory properties (MALT) : found in tears, bronchial tree, mucus membrane, guts + BINDS COMPLEMENT (but not as much as IgG or IgM). Secretory piece (J chain on side) allows it to cross mucus membrane
Structure of Igs (which are monomeric, etc.) We say that a molecule is (di, quadri, deca)________ depending on how many _______ it has
IgM is pentameric. IgA is dimeric. IgD, IgE and IgG are monomeric. valant. (polyvalence depends on how many reactive sites. 2 by chain)
Steps to classic complement pathway start
1) Antigen in body 2) IgM produced 3) IgM switches to IgG 4) IgG binds to antigen 5) A complement molecule named C1q binds between heavy chains of 2 molecules 6) Cascade of molecules AMPLIFIES (multiplies a lot) and after last molecule (C9) joins, hole drilled in membrane
Critical components of the complement and why
C3 and C5 because molecules that bring in the neutrophils and activate them to kill bugs.
Instructive theory of antibody formation : who and what it is. what’s the problem in this theory according to Ehrlich
Linus Pauling. 1) cells of immune syst. spit out peptide molecules that are non-specific 2) See antigen and wind around it as if it is a mold (moule). Problem : takes to long
Paul Ehrlich’s theory name and principle
Selective theory of antibody production. We already have antibody ready (it’s genetic). When recognize foreign substance multiply in large qt.
B cell evolution (steps to plasma cell)
1) Pro-B-cell (no immunoglobulin) 2) Pre-B-cell (first immunoglobulins) 3) B-cell (clone of Pre-B-cell that was activated by IL 4,5,6 -> mature B-cell receptors) 4) Plasma cell fully differentiated and produces 1 type of antibody
major immunoglobulin producer
Plasma cell
