Immunology 3rd lecture

Question 1

the ________is called the pAPC (___) because ____________

Answer 1

dendritic cell, professional antigen presentic cell, it has 2 phases in its life

Question 2

Name of the phenomenon where _____ % of cells die in the thymus is : _____. (1st step to making sure _________)

Answer 2

95, central immune tolerance, make sure no cells around that will kill our cells

Question 3

what is the 1st specific cell in adaptive immune response

Answer 3

T helper cell

Question 4

If coreception doesn’t occur, there is no immune response and __________

Answer 4

T helper cell becomes tolerant to that epitope

Question 5

After coreception occurs ____ cell binds to _________ cell with its ________ binding to the __________. At the same time, the ____ cell binds to a bacteria on the _________ cell with its _____________

Answer 5

B, T helper, CD40 receptor, CD40 ligand of T helper cell. B, dendritic cell, surface immunoglobulin

Question 6

Each ___ cell can do _____ antibody(s) for ____ specific ________

Answer 6

B, 1, 1, epitope

Question 7

when B cell binds to T cell, ___ cell produces __________ that go the ____ cell and that will help for 2 things : _________ and _________

Answer 7

T, interleukin 4,5,6, B cell, help to mature and cause large divison and form a clone (big family) of B cells.

Question 8

3 things that need to happen for a good _______ response

Answer 8

for good humoral response, 1) recognition of MHC class 2 + peptide by receptor on T helper cell + coreception 2)Binding of surface immunoglobin of the B-cell to a bug on surface of dendritic cell
3)Binding of B cell CD40 receptor to T helper cell CD40 ligand + release of interleukin 4,5,6

Question 9

All biological activities have _________

Answer 9

shut-off controls (ex: coagulation, hormone action, thrombolysis, etc.)

Question 10

In immunological response, shut-off control is called ______________. It involves the displacement of ______ and ______ by __________ or ________

Answer 10

Checkpoint inhibition, CD28 and B7, no coreception, CTLA4 or PD-1

Question 11

After coreception happens, ___________ happens as a shut-off control and ______ or _____ or both displace _________ and _______ by binding to one or the other (but on image they bind to ______

Answer 11

checkpoint inhibition, CTLA4 or PD-1 or both, CD28 and B7, on image bind to B7

Question 12

the _____________ cell downregulates the immune response by avoiding us of seeing _________ as dangerous. This is called ____________

Answer 12

T regulatory cell, our own cells, peripheral tolerance

Question 13

CTLA4 is not only found in _______ cell but also on ____________ so it can also shut-off ________ on its own

Answer 13

T helper cell, T regulatory cell, immune response

Question 14

Antibodies occuer in which serum globulins ?

Answer 14

alpha 2, beta and particularly gamma globulins

Question 15

major producers of immunoglobulins

Answer 15

plasma cells (fully differentiated B cells - part of WBCs in the blood - that produce a single type of antibody)

Question 16

What happens during myeloma and what did this allow that wasn’t possible before

Answer 16

plasma cells form a peak (high qt) of immunoglobulins (against we don’t know what). because proportion of immunoglobulins was high, it allowed chemists to identify the structure of immunoglobulin. (wasn’t possible because globulins are very heterogeneous)

Question 17

Antibodies are involved in _______ immunity. Antibody is synonym to _______. Basic structure : ___ …. There are ______ bonds ______(interchain bonds) and _______ (intrachain bonds) all chains.

Answer 17

humoral. immunoglobulin. 4 monomeric fractions. 2 identical light chains (kappa or lambda) that determine immunoglobulin TYPE. and 2 identical heavy chains

Question 18

There are ___ classes of immunoglobulins (Ig) that are determined by the _____ chain (tip for the 5 classes + say them) and there are _______ types of Igs, determined by the _______ chain (which are ___ and ___)

Answer 18

5, heavy. maged mu alpha gamma epsilon delta. 2, light, kappa and lambda.

Question 19

First class of antibody molecule to be made in all immune response and what happens after

Answer 19

IgM, depending on response from the host, it classes switches to IgG, IgA or IgE

Question 20

IgD and IgE properties

Answer 20

IgD : not known

IgE : mastocytophilic properties : binds to mast cells and causes allergy

Question 21

IgM and IgG what they do and why IgM switches to IgG during bacterial infection

Answer 21

IgM : binding complement IgG : complement binding and can transfer to placent . IgM switches to IgG because IgM is a difficult molecule to make for the body (requires a lot of energy)

Question 22

IgA properties. what allows it to cross mucus membrane

Answer 22

secretory properties (MALT) : found in tears, bronchial tree, mucus membrane, guts + BINDS COMPLEMENT (but not as much as IgG or IgM). Secretory piece (J chain on side) allows it to cross mucus membrane

Question 23

Structure of Igs (which are monomeric, etc.) We say that a molecule is (di, quadri, deca)________ depending on how many _______ it has

Answer 23

IgM is pentameric. IgA is dimeric. IgD, IgE and IgG are monomeric. valant. (polyvalence depends on how many reactive sites. 2 by chain)

Question 24

Steps to classic complement pathway start

Answer 24

1) Antigen in body 2) IgM produced 3) IgM switches to IgG 4) IgG binds to antigen 5) A complement molecule named C1q binds between heavy chains of 2 molecules 6) Cascade of molecules AMPLIFIES (multiplies a lot) and after last molecule (C9) joins, hole drilled in membrane

Question 25

Critical components of the complement and why

Answer 25

C3 and C5 because molecules that bring in the neutrophils and activate them to kill bugs.

Question 26

Instructive theory of antibody formation : who and what it is. what’s the problem in this theory according to Ehrlich

Answer 26

Linus Pauling. 1) cells of immune syst. spit out peptide molecules that are non-specific 2) See antigen and wind around it as if it is a mold (moule). Problem : takes to long

Question 27

Paul Ehrlich’s theory name and principle

Answer 27

Selective theory of antibody production. We already have antibody ready (it’s genetic). When recognize foreign substance multiply in large qt.

Question 28

B cell evolution (steps to plasma cell)

Answer 28

1) Pro-B-cell (no immunoglobulin) 2) Pre-B-cell (first immunoglobulins) 3) B-cell (clone of Pre-B-cell that was activated by IL 4,5,6 -> mature B-cell receptors) 4) Plasma cell fully differentiated and produces 1 type of antibody

Question 29

major immunoglobulin producer

Answer 29

Plasma cell