Immunology 4th lecture Flashcards
Interleukin is released by
TH2 cell (T helper 2 cell)
TH2 is involved in _________ and TH1 is involved in __________
humoral response, cell-mediated response,
We do not react to what we eat and breathe so _________ is __________
MALT is tolerogenic
what is myeloma
plasma cell cancer
V and C on antibody molecule
v = variable region c = constant region
What C1q, C3, C5, C9 do
C1q binds to antibody:antigen complex by the heavy chains. C3 and C5 call neutrophils for phagocytosis. C9 punches the hole in the bacterial membrane
In the selective theory of antibody production, the __________ selects an __________
antigen selects an antibody
what can produce antibodies specific to an antigen
Activated B cell and its clone
Pre-B cell has a ______________
primitive surface immunoglobulin
Pro B cell, where what it is doing + charact.
In bone marrow, waiting to be specified to a particular antigen. No surface immunoglobulin. Expresses RAG1 and RAG2 (Rearrangement activating gene)
Pre-B where produced, what it has, what it does
Produced in bone marrow, Has 1) primitive surface Ig. 2) Expresses RAG1 and RAG2 + It acquires specificity in bone marrow
B cell where it is, where it goes, what it has
bone marrow, mature surface Ig, expresses Rag1 and Rag2, will go to lymph node
Plasma cell where it is, charac.
Lives in bone marrow (but will go to plasma …?) , major producer of immunoglobulin.
B cell specificity is aquired (in development) somewhere between ____ and ____
Pre-B cell and B cell
Specificity is acquired from __________
randomness
how many sites on gene coding for heavy chain and name them
4 sites : C (constant) V (variable) D (diverse) J (joining)
What can the constant region be in the Ig
mu, alpha, gamma and delta (prof says possibly one other -> epsilon ..?)
In region C (constant) in gene for Ig, we see that there are more than one possibilities for a certain class of Ig. How many for each class
1 mu, 2 alphas, 4 gammas, 1 delta
What’s the constant region of every first randomly selected Ig molecule to be made ?
Mu (cause IgM first to be produced)
what sites on the Ig gene make the variable region
V (variable) D (diverse) J (joining)
How many possibilities (exons ?) for each site on the Ig gene ?
V -> 50 D -> 25 J -> 6 and C -> one of each
When doing Ig, you have a RNA transcript for the ____________ and a RNA transcript for the _______________. You have _________ possibilities for the __________ and we assume there are also ____________ possibilities for the __________. Therefore, (real) total amount of possibilites for Ig is __________.
heavy chain, light chain, 7500 heavy chain, 7500 assumed light chain. 53 million.
What is common to Pro-B, Pre-B and B cells and what does that do ?
Expression of RAG1 and RAG2 (rearrangement activating gene) –> allows shuffling in possibilities for Ig gene sites
what is TdT and what does it doe
Terminal deoxyribonucleotidal tranferase. Allows one end of the DNA to come off and be replaced by another nucleotide
How do you end up with 100 billion specificities (53 million only before) ?
Mechanisms shuffle things up and create more possibilities. TdT is one of them
After _______ are produced for the humoral immune response, their ___________ has to remain the same but the ___________ changes
immunoglobulins, specificity, heavy chain (class)
Immune cells that have a specificity against self are destroyed in the ________ and also in the _________ (less well known mechanism). They represent ___% of specified cells and this is called ___________.
thymus. bone marrow. 95. central immune tolerance
What happens after immune response
Many B cells and T cells produced (we don’t need all of them) take too much space so they kill themselves using a process called programmed cell death (or apoptosis)
where is memory stored for a second immune response
Apical light zone of germinal center
what is called immune response for the first time we detect foreign antigen
Primary immune response
What is a secondary immune response
Any immune response for a particular antigen that isn’t the first one
What is produced on secondary immune response and by what
Memory cells produce high qt. of IgG right away (no more IgM produced first)
3 cells that can encounter and recognize antibody WITH SPECIFICITY
B cell, T helper cell, T cytotoxic cell
B cells what they do once activated and how activated
Activated with help of TH2 proliferate into clone -> memory cells and plasma cells.
Cytotoxic cells what activates them and what that helps in
TH1 -> cell-mediated immune response. Response to viruses, grafts, etc.
function of T regulatory cell
Downregulates immune response in adult and creates tolerance to self antigens. Is antiinflammatory, antiimmune response
TCR (____) and sIg (___) are formed ______ in _______ and are not formed in response to an __________ stimulation.
T cell receptor. surface immunoglobulin. randomly. in utero. antigenic
Early T cells are ________
double positive (CD4+ and CD8+)
Mature T cells that leave the thymus (5% that survived) is ____________
either CD4+ or CD8+, not both
T cells have a lot of ________ (different categories)
multiplicity
CD4+ and CD8+ are not only designation but they are physical _________ that bind T cells to _________ and ________
receptors. MHC II region on MHC-peptide complex of APC and MHC I region on MHC-peptide complex on target cell (like virally infected cell)
What is called the process where 5% cells kept
Clonal selection
What is called the process where 95% cells left out
Clonal deletion
Duration of central immune tolerance (selection for reactivity to MHC-peptide/tolerance)
Lifetime (is a life-long phenomenon)
Cells that recognize MHCs ______ or _______ are both deleted (determines which cells deleted in thymus)
not at all or too well.
T of F : lymphoid cells not involved in innate immune response
false : Innate lymphoid cells discovered
Do antibodies remain in the blood ?
Yes, in very low quantities but for many years
