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PHGY 209 > Immunology 4th lecture > Flashcards

Immunology 4th lecture Flashcards

1
Q

Interleukin is released by

A

TH2 cell (T helper 2 cell)

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2
Q

TH2 is involved in _________ and TH1 is involved in __________

A

humoral response, cell-mediated response,

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3
Q

We do not react to what we eat and breathe so _________ is __________

A

MALT is tolerogenic

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4
Q

what is myeloma

A

plasma cell cancer

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5
Q

V and C on antibody molecule

A

v = variable region c = constant region

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6
Q

What C1q, C3, C5, C9 do

A

C1q binds to antibody:antigen complex by the heavy chains. C3 and C5 call neutrophils for phagocytosis. C9 punches the hole in the bacterial membrane

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7
Q

In the selective theory of antibody production, the __________ selects an __________

A

antigen selects an antibody

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8
Q

what can produce antibodies specific to an antigen

A

Activated B cell and its clone

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9
Q

Pre-B cell has a ______________

A

primitive surface immunoglobulin

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10
Q

Pro B cell, where what it is doing + charact.

A

In bone marrow, waiting to be specified to a particular antigen. No surface immunoglobulin. Expresses RAG1 and RAG2 (Rearrangement activating gene)

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11
Q

Pre-B where produced, what it has, what it does

A

Produced in bone marrow, Has 1) primitive surface Ig. 2) Expresses RAG1 and RAG2 + It acquires specificity in bone marrow

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12
Q

B cell where it is, where it goes, what it has

A

bone marrow, mature surface Ig, expresses Rag1 and Rag2, will go to lymph node

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13
Q

Plasma cell where it is, charac.

A

Lives in bone marrow (but will go to plasma …?) , major producer of immunoglobulin.

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14
Q

B cell specificity is aquired (in development) somewhere between ____ and ____

A

Pre-B cell and B cell

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15
Q

Specificity is acquired from __________

A

randomness

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16
Q

how many sites on gene coding for heavy chain and name them

A

4 sites : C (constant) V (variable) D (diverse) J (joining)

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17
Q

What can the constant region be in the Ig

A

mu, alpha, gamma and delta (prof says possibly one other -> epsilon ..?)

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18
Q

In region C (constant) in gene for Ig, we see that there are more than one possibilities for a certain class of Ig. How many for each class

A

1 mu, 2 alphas, 4 gammas, 1 delta

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19
Q

What’s the constant region of every first randomly selected Ig molecule to be made ?

A

Mu (cause IgM first to be produced)

20
Q

what sites on the Ig gene make the variable region

A

V (variable) D (diverse) J (joining)

21
Q

How many possibilities (exons ?) for each site on the Ig gene ?

A

V -> 50 D -> 25 J -> 6 and C -> one of each

22
Q

When doing Ig, you have a RNA transcript for the ____________ and a RNA transcript for the _______________. You have _________ possibilities for the __________ and we assume there are also ____________ possibilities for the __________. Therefore, (real) total amount of possibilites for Ig is __________.

A

heavy chain, light chain, 7500 heavy chain, 7500 assumed light chain. 53 million.

23
Q

What is common to Pro-B, Pre-B and B cells and what does that do ?

A

Expression of RAG1 and RAG2 (rearrangement activating gene) –> allows shuffling in possibilities for Ig gene sites

24
Q

what is TdT and what does it doe

A

Terminal deoxyribonucleotidal tranferase. Allows one end of the DNA to come off and be replaced by another nucleotide

25
Q

How do you end up with 100 billion specificities (53 million only before) ?

A

Mechanisms shuffle things up and create more possibilities. TdT is one of them

26
Q

After _______ are produced for the humoral immune response, their ___________ has to remain the same but the ___________ changes

A

immunoglobulins, specificity, heavy chain (class)

27
Q

Immune cells that have a specificity against self are destroyed in the ________ and also in the _________ (less well known mechanism). They represent ___% of specified cells and this is called ___________.

A

thymus. bone marrow. 95. central immune tolerance

28
Q

What happens after immune response

A

Many B cells and T cells produced (we don’t need all of them) take too much space so they kill themselves using a process called programmed cell death (or apoptosis)

29
Q

where is memory stored for a second immune response

A

Apical light zone of germinal center

30
Q

what is called immune response for the first time we detect foreign antigen

A

Primary immune response

31
Q

What is a secondary immune response

A

Any immune response for a particular antigen that isn’t the first one

32
Q

What is produced on secondary immune response and by what

A

Memory cells produce high qt. of IgG right away (no more IgM produced first)

33
Q

3 cells that can encounter and recognize antibody WITH SPECIFICITY

A

B cell, T helper cell, T cytotoxic cell

34
Q

B cells what they do once activated and how activated

A

Activated with help of TH2 proliferate into clone -> memory cells and plasma cells.

35
Q

Cytotoxic cells what activates them and what that helps in

A

TH1 -> cell-mediated immune response. Response to viruses, grafts, etc.

36
Q

function of T regulatory cell

A

Downregulates immune response in adult and creates tolerance to self antigens. Is antiinflammatory, antiimmune response

37
Q

TCR (____) and sIg (___) are formed ______ in _______ and are not formed in response to an __________ stimulation.

A

T cell receptor. surface immunoglobulin. randomly. in utero. antigenic

38
Q

Early T cells are ________

A

double positive (CD4+ and CD8+)

39
Q

Mature T cells that leave the thymus (5% that survived) is ____________

A

either CD4+ or CD8+, not both

40
Q

T cells have a lot of ________ (different categories)

A

multiplicity

41
Q

CD4+ and CD8+ are not only designation but they are physical _________ that bind T cells to _________ and ________

A

receptors. MHC II region on MHC-peptide complex of APC and MHC I region on MHC-peptide complex on target cell (like virally infected cell)

42
Q

What is called the process where 5% cells kept

A

Clonal selection

43
Q

What is called the process where 95% cells left out

A

Clonal deletion

44
Q

Duration of central immune tolerance (selection for reactivity to MHC-peptide/tolerance)

A

Lifetime (is a life-long phenomenon)

45
Q

Cells that recognize MHCs ______ or _______ are both deleted (determines which cells deleted in thymus)

A

not at all or too well.

46
Q

T of F : lymphoid cells not involved in innate immune response

A

false : Innate lymphoid cells discovered

47
Q

Do antibodies remain in the blood ?

A

Yes, in very low quantities but for many years

PHGY 209 (17 decks)

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