Immunology 1st lecture

Question 1

immune sys. as ____ as other syst. ____ need it/___escapes it

Answer 1

large. all systems. nothing

Question 2

Immune sys. _____ deals with ____

Answer 2

homeostasis. external attack

Question 3

no ____ immune response

Answer 3

pure

Question 4

what is scid

Answer 4

severe combine immune defficiency (no immune system!)

Question 5

autopsy on scid child -> 3 remarkable things

Answer 5

no thymus gland, no lymph nodes, bone marrow is abnormal

Question 6

Grid signification - h.i.v signification. name given to disease

Answer 6

gay-related immune deficiency - humane immune deficiency virus - name of disease : aids - acquired immune deficiency syndrome

Question 7

cause of h.i.v. how you follow advance of disease

Answer 7

one cell missing : the T helper cell. advance of disease followed by counting T cells in patients w/ disease

Question 8

aids controlled by _____. ____ % of cases in ____

Answer 8

medication, 90% cases in subsaharian Africa

Question 9

primary organs of immune system. In the order in which cells migrate from one to another when all this happens ?

Answer 9

1) stem cells in yolk sac (in foetus) 2) migrate to fetal liver 3) migrate to bone marrow 4) part of these cells migrate to the thymus. all this happens in utero (in the womb/before birth)

Question 10

secondary organs of immune system

Answer 10

1) lymph nodes 2) spleen (rate) (could be identified as a large lymph node) 3) CELLS : MALT : Mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue. Cells that live under mucosal barrier

Question 11

2 first lines of defense

Answer 11

skin and mucus membrane (around MALT)

Question 12

1st witnessing of infection

Answer 12

smallpox (1100 BC until 1977-last case)

Question 13

having _______ exempted people from smallpox. this lead to idea of ______

Answer 13

cowpox. vaccination (real meaning of it is exemption from smallpox by injection of cowpox - vaccinia)

Question 14

key to immunity

Answer 14

specificity and exemption

Question 15

immunogen (def)

Answer 15

antigen (molecule capable of inducing an -adaptive(book)- immune response)

Question 16

hapten

Answer 16

small foreign molecule that has to be carried by larger molecule in serum (albumin/prots) to become a full antigen

Question 17

In order to have a response from immune system, immunogen and hapten must be seen as _________ and ____________

Answer 17

foreign and dangerous

Question 18

allergen.

Answer 18

antigen which causes immune response which causes inflammation and damage to the body.

Question 19

Most allergens are __________. Immune response causes the _________

Answer 19

harmless. danger.

Question 20

tolerogen

Answer 20

foreign antigen that supresses immune response (creates immune tolerance).

Question 21

In utero, antigens become __________ in the __________

Answer 21

tolerogens, thymus

Question 22

ligand

Answer 22

antigen that binds to an antibody

Question 23

three lines of host defenses

Answer 23

1) Coverings of the body (skin and mucous membranes)
2) Innate immune reponse
3) Adaptive (acquired)

Question 24

Coverings of body not comfortable place for bacteria because of ___________ (name them) that can deal with small amounts of bugs

Answer 24

mechanisms : pH differences, enzymes, skin (epidermis), mucus, cilia that kicks cells out of lungs

Question 25

Innate immune response is __________

Answer 25

inflammation

Question 26

first cell to be activated by invasion of foreign and dangerous material

Answer 26

fixed tissue macrophage (always)

Question 27

macrophage found in ___________. One of major function : ____ of _____ and _____ by _______

Answer 27

immune cells found in all organs and tissues. One of major functions : engulfing of particles and pathogens by phagocytosis (endocytosis of particulate matter)

Question 28

_____ found on surface of macrophages and recognize ________ and _________. They look for _________. These do not occur in ______. Recognition initiates __________

Answer 28

toll-like receptors (TLRs), foreignness and danger. PAMPs (pathogen associated molecular patterns. animal body. innate immune response

Question 29

Innate immunity is not _______. Made up of _____ and ______ factors. It has no _______

Answer 29

specific. cellular factors (EAT) and humoral factors. no memory

Question 30

humoral factors def. and ex.. Most important one in our case is _______

Answer 30

things found in fluid. ex. coagulation factors, enzymes, hormones, ANTIBODY

Question 31

3 phagocytic cells in cellular factors

Answer 31

Neutrophils, Macrophages and interdigitating dentritic cells

Question 32

______ cell will link __________ reponse to __________ reponse

Answer 32

dendritic. innate reponse to adaptive immune response

Question 33

Cells with inflammatory mediators

Answer 33

basophils, mast cells, eosinophils

Question 34

Role of humoral factors

Answer 34

protection against invasion

Question 35

Humoral factors (2 categories and some examples)

Answer 35

1) Acute phase reactants (ex. C-Reactive Protein -inflammatory indicator-, Complement -huge set of molecules involved in waterfall of amplification, like in coagulation -, Interleukin). 2) Cytokines (cytokinins) : molecules from cells. (are BOTH humoral and cellular factor in innate response)

Question 36

2 types of monocytes. called the __________

Answer 36

macrophages and dendritic cell —> monocytic cells

Question 37

polymorphonuclear signification (like neutrophils which are polymorphonuclear granulocytes)

Answer 37

nucleus is separated in linked lobes.

Question 38

dendritic cells : lots of _________ on the surface which will hold __________ and _________ some of it.

Answer 38

dendrites. bacteria. eat.

Question 39

___________ on inside of phagocytic cells (?) allow ________ to _________

Answer 39

bulb barries (ball berries ?) allow membrane to flow.

Question 40

when TLR on macrophage recognizes PAMP on bug, it sticks out a ‘‘hand’’ called a _________

Answer 40

pseudopode (or pseudolimp)

Question 41

macrophage (in tissue) signal sent is called _______ and it attracts ______ which are normally found in ______

Answer 41

MDNCF : macrophage derived neutrophil chimotactic factor. neutrophils. blood flow

Question 42

When called, neutrophil ______ closer to the ___________ and crosses it (process called ________) to the tissue. It _______ the bacteria (or bug) and __________

Answer 42

rolls. capillary wall/surface. diapedesis. kills. commits suicide.

Question 43

Process of neutrophil death helps in __________, produces _____________ which shows there has been an _________. In the latter, the ____ is _______

Answer 43

host defense, pus (dead bugs and dead neutrophils), innate immune response. pus, inflammation

Question 44

when ________ dies, it forms a ___________. It is made of __________ and _________. Released as _______ to control ___________

Answer 44

neutrophil. neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs). processed chromatin. (granular and selected) cytoplasmic protein. last resort. microbial infection

Question 45

WBCs are called ______. They include 1) _________ which include _________,________,________. 2) _______ which include _______ and ________ 3) __________

Answer 45

leukocytes, 1) polymorphonuclear granulocytes : neutrophils, basophils, eosinophils. 2) Monocytes : macrophages and neutrophils 3) Lymphocytes

Question 46

Mast cells are found in ________ and not in __________, unlike _______. They secrete locally acting __________ such as __________.

Answer 46

connective tissue. blood. chemical messengers. histamine