Immunology 1st lecture Flashcards
immune sys. as ____ as other syst. ____ need it/___escapes it
large. all systems. nothing
Immune sys. _____ deals with ____
homeostasis. external attack
no ____ immune response
pure
what is scid
severe combine immune defficiency (no immune system!)
autopsy on scid child -> 3 remarkable things
no thymus gland, no lymph nodes, bone marrow is abnormal
Grid signification - h.i.v signification. name given to disease
gay-related immune deficiency - humane immune deficiency virus - name of disease : aids - acquired immune deficiency syndrome
cause of h.i.v. how you follow advance of disease
one cell missing : the T helper cell. advance of disease followed by counting T cells in patients w/ disease
aids controlled by _____. ____ % of cases in ____
medication, 90% cases in subsaharian Africa
primary organs of immune system. In the order in which cells migrate from one to another when all this happens ?
1) stem cells in yolk sac (in foetus) 2) migrate to fetal liver 3) migrate to bone marrow 4) part of these cells migrate to the thymus. all this happens in utero (in the womb/before birth)
secondary organs of immune system
1) lymph nodes 2) spleen (rate) (could be identified as a large lymph node) 3) CELLS : MALT : Mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue. Cells that live under mucosal barrier
2 first lines of defense
skin and mucus membrane (around MALT)
1st witnessing of infection
smallpox (1100 BC until 1977-last case)
having _______ exempted people from smallpox. this lead to idea of ______
cowpox. vaccination (real meaning of it is exemption from smallpox by injection of cowpox - vaccinia)
key to immunity
specificity and exemption
immunogen (def)
antigen (molecule capable of inducing an -adaptive(book)- immune response)
hapten
small foreign molecule that has to be carried by larger molecule in serum (albumin/prots) to become a full antigen
In order to have a response from immune system, immunogen and hapten must be seen as _________ and ____________
foreign and dangerous
allergen.
antigen which causes immune response which causes inflammation and damage to the body.
Most allergens are __________. Immune response causes the _________
harmless. danger.
tolerogen
foreign antigen that supresses immune response (creates immune tolerance).
In utero, antigens become __________ in the __________
tolerogens, thymus
ligand
antigen that binds to an antibody
three lines of host defenses
1) Coverings of the body (skin and mucous membranes)
2) Innate immune reponse
3) Adaptive (acquired)
Coverings of body not comfortable place for bacteria because of ___________ (name them) that can deal with small amounts of bugs
mechanisms : pH differences, enzymes, skin (epidermis), mucus, cilia that kicks cells out of lungs
Innate immune response is __________
inflammation
first cell to be activated by invasion of foreign and dangerous material
fixed tissue macrophage (always)
macrophage found in ___________. One of major function : ____ of _____ and _____ by _______
immune cells found in all organs and tissues. One of major functions : engulfing of particles and pathogens by phagocytosis (endocytosis of particulate matter)
_____ found on surface of macrophages and recognize ________ and _________. They look for _________. These do not occur in ______. Recognition initiates __________
toll-like receptors (TLRs), foreignness and danger. PAMPs (pathogen associated molecular patterns. animal body. innate immune response
Innate immunity is not _______. Made up of _____ and ______ factors. It has no _______
specific. cellular factors (EAT) and humoral factors. no memory
humoral factors def. and ex.. Most important one in our case is _______
things found in fluid. ex. coagulation factors, enzymes, hormones, ANTIBODY
3 phagocytic cells in cellular factors
Neutrophils, Macrophages and interdigitating dentritic cells
______ cell will link __________ reponse to __________ reponse
dendritic. innate reponse to adaptive immune response
Cells with inflammatory mediators
basophils, mast cells, eosinophils
Role of humoral factors
protection against invasion
Humoral factors (2 categories and some examples)
1) Acute phase reactants (ex. C-Reactive Protein -inflammatory indicator-, Complement -huge set of molecules involved in waterfall of amplification, like in coagulation -, Interleukin). 2) Cytokines (cytokinins) : molecules from cells. (are BOTH humoral and cellular factor in innate response)
2 types of monocytes. called the __________
macrophages and dendritic cell —> monocytic cells
polymorphonuclear signification (like neutrophils which are polymorphonuclear granulocytes)
nucleus is separated in linked lobes.
dendritic cells : lots of _________ on the surface which will hold __________ and _________ some of it.
dendrites. bacteria. eat.
___________ on inside of phagocytic cells (?) allow ________ to _________
bulb barries (ball berries ?) allow membrane to flow.
when TLR on macrophage recognizes PAMP on bug, it sticks out a ‘‘hand’’ called a _________
pseudopode (or pseudolimp)
macrophage (in tissue) signal sent is called _______ and it attracts ______ which are normally found in ______
MDNCF : macrophage derived neutrophil chimotactic factor. neutrophils. blood flow
When called, neutrophil ______ closer to the ___________ and crosses it (process called ________) to the tissue. It _______ the bacteria (or bug) and __________
rolls. capillary wall/surface. diapedesis. kills. commits suicide.
Process of neutrophil death helps in __________, produces _____________ which shows there has been an _________. In the latter, the ____ is _______
host defense, pus (dead bugs and dead neutrophils), innate immune response. pus, inflammation
when ________ dies, it forms a ___________. It is made of __________ and _________. Released as _______ to control ___________
neutrophil. neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs). processed chromatin. (granular and selected) cytoplasmic protein. last resort. microbial infection
WBCs are called ______. They include 1) _________ which include _________,________,________. 2) _______ which include _______ and ________ 3) __________
leukocytes, 1) polymorphonuclear granulocytes : neutrophils, basophils, eosinophils. 2) Monocytes : macrophages and neutrophils 3) Lymphocytes
Mast cells are found in ________ and not in __________, unlike _______. They secrete locally acting __________ such as __________.
connective tissue. blood. chemical messengers. histamine
