Blood part 1 Flashcards
3 functions of blood
Transport, acid-base balance, protective
Components of blood’s transport function (5)
Respiratory, nutritive, excretory, hormones, temp. regulation (heat dissipates in fluid)
Normal blood pH range
7.30 - 7.45
2 things to not about blood’s protective function (2)
Vs invading organisms + blood/cells and proteins part of defense mechanisms
2 fluid compartments blood contains
ECF (plasma) and ICF (blood cells)
2 ways of studying blood
in vivo, in vitro
Normal blood volume
normovolemia
Lower blood volume
hypovolemia
Higher blood volume
hypervolemia
Centrifuged blood composition
Plasma 55% Buffy layer (WBCs and platelets) <1% RBCs 45%
Hematocrit def.
% of blood volume occupied by RBCs
synonym for RBCs
erythrocytes
Hematocrit formula
Ht = (height of erythrocyte column/height of whole blood column ) * 100
Normal value for hematocrit and value for women
45%, women = slightly lower than 45%
Complete blood count (CBC) what it is
Report giving counts of different cell types in the blood and information about the blood (RBCs, types of WBCs, hematocrit, etc)
Blood volume % of body weight
7-8% of body weight
Blood volume in 70 kg male
5 - 5.5 L
TOTAL Blood volume occupied by RBCs
45% * 5 = 2.25 L
TOTAL Blood volume occupied by Plasma
2.75 L
Composition of plasma 4 things that are found and what fluid compartment this composition ressembles
water, ions, other molecules, proteins
Water in plasma
More than 90% of it
Ions in plasma and their concentration
Na+, K+, Mg 2+, Ca 2+, Cl -, HCO3 -, PO4 -
Approx. of ion concentration in plasma
Approximated by physiological saline 0.9 g/dL NaCl
Other molecules in plasma
O2, CO2 (constant turnover volume - turnover = replacement), glucose, amino acids, lipids, urea, lactic acid
Proteins in plasma
Albumins, Globulins and Fibrinogen (3 major groups, categories)
What kind of molecule are the plasma proteins (+ meaning)
Colloids. = dispersed insoluble molecules in suspension
Proportion of proteins in plasma
7g %
4 methods of protein seperation
Differential precipitation by salts
Sedimentation in ultracentrifuge
Electrophoretic mobility
Immunological characteristics
Differential precipitation by salts principle
Seperated in diff. proportions depending on salt concentration
Electrophoresis def.
Fractioning method based on movement of charged particles along a voltage gradient
What influences rate of migration of proteins during electrophoresis
Number and distribution of charges + molar weight of each protein
Proteins charge and pH of plasma and why
Most of them are negatively charged at plasma pH because avec NH2 and COO-
Electrophoresis steps with plasma
Drop of plasma on negative end, prots migrate to positive end, Protein dye applied to see bands (stains)
On what liquid electrophoresis of plasma done
Serum (plasma without cloting proteins) so it doesn’t clot in presence of fibrinogen
Electrophoresis scan utility
graph -> measure area under each peak = know amount or concentr. of each protein group
Plasma electophoretic pattern (from + to -) and RELATIVE amount if 1 = few and 4 = a lot
Albumin (4) , alpha 1 globulins (1), alpha 2 globulins (3), beta globulins, Fibrinogen, gamma globulins
Serum electrophoretic pattern
No Fibrinogen peak
Renal disease consequence
Proteins lost from blood to urine
Electrophoretic pattern in renal disease
Lower albumin peak (smaller one so first to be lost in urine)
Bacterial infection consequence on electrophoretic pattern
Production of immunoglobulins -> more gamma globulins (higher peak)
Where albumin produced
liver (specific cells)
Where fibrinogen produced
liver (specific cells)
Where globulins produced
alpha 1, alpha 2 and beta globulins in liver (specific cells). gamma globulins in lymphoid tissue)
consequence of liver disease
Plasma proteins levels are lowered
what is a K or KDa
kilodalton -> g/mol
Albumin properties (shape, MW in KDa, concentration in g%)
oval, 69 KDa, 4g %
Globulins properties (shape, MW in KDa, concentration in g%)
multiple shapes (very heterogeneous category) : circular, elongated, oval ; 90-800 KDa, 2.7g %
Fibrinogen properties (shape, MW in KDa, concentration in g%)
elongated. 350 KDa, 0.3g %
Role of plasma protein
Determining fluid distribution between plasma and ISF by controlling transcapillary dynamics
Membranes between major subcompartments and their permeability to ions (and water)
cell membrane between ECF and ISF : impermeable to ions. capillary wall between ISF and plasma : permeable to water and ions
ICF, ECF, ISF and plasma % of body mass
40% ICF, 20% ECF (15% ISF, 5% plasma)
relative concentrations of ions in ICF
lot of K+, lot of PO4 3-, protein anions, others
relative concentrations of ions in ISF
lot of Na+, lot of Cl -, HCO 3-, others
relative concentration of ions in plasma
lot of Na+, lot of Cl-, HCO 3-, ** protein anions **, others
Difference plasma vs ISF
Plasma = more protein (7g/dL) than ISF
Estimation of ECF concentration (2 values)
Approximated by a 0.9% solution of NaCl = 300 mOsm
T/F : ISF no protein
F : but it is relatively poor in protein
Ionic composition and osmotic pressure of ISF and plasma
Both : 0.9% NaCl, 300 mOsm, o.p. = 6.7 atm = 5100 mmHg
What is necessary for NET flow of water between compartments
there has to be a difference in osmotic pressure
T/F : adding ions to plasma or ISF contributes to a difference in osmotic pressure between plasma/ISF
F : ions cross capillary wall freely
What do we call osmotic pressure of a solution that creates a difference between o.p of 2 compartments
effective o.p.
What can contribute to effective o.p
Non-diffusible solutes
What solutes do not contribute to effective o.p and why
Diffusible solutes -> they become equally distributed on both sides of membrane
Plasma proteins diff. or non diff. + conseq
Non-diffusible -> osmotic effect
Name of the osmotic effect of plasma proteins
Colloidal osmotic pressure or Oncotic pressure
Value of Colloidal osmotic pressure (c.o.p) or Oncotic pressure
= 25 mmHg
What happens if c.o.p increases
more water flows in plasma
What happens if c.o.p decreases
more water flows in ISF
what is bulk flow
flow of molecules subjected to a pressure difference
Magnitude of bulk flow directly proportional to what
hydrostatic pressure difference
Filtration
bulk flow across a porous membrane (which acts as a sieve withholding some particles)
Two mechanisms across capillaries and what they do
Filtration : tends to push fluid out of capillaries
Osmotic flow : tends to pull fluid or retain fluid in capillaries
What are called the two important transport mechanisms across capillary wall
Starling forces
Circulatory system 5 types of blood vessels
Arteries, arterioles, capillaries, venules, veins
Where exchanges between plasma/ISF take place
Capillary bed (in capillaries)
Why exchanges can’t take place between ISF/plasma in blood vessels other than capillaries
walls too thick
What diffusion does at the level of capillary wall
responsible for exchange of nutrients, gases, wastes
What Starling forces do
Determine distribution of ECF volume between Plasma and ICF
Filtration is due to what pressure
blood pressure (from heart) -> hydrostatic pressure diff.
Osmotic flow is due to what pressure
C.O.P or oncotic pressure
Blood pressure at arterial end of capillary + consequence
35 mm Hg fluid wants to go out of capillary
Blood pressure at venous end of capillary + consequence
15 mm Hg fluid wants to go out of capillary
C.O.P value and consequence
25 mm Hg fluid wants to go in the capillary
Pressure at arterial end and venous end of capillary : name and consequence
Arterial end : Net filtration pressure of 10 mm Hg
Venous end : Net absorption pressure of 10 mm Hg
Where exchanges (filtration/absorption) take place in the capillary and how what happens with net pressure
Along the whole length of the capillary. Net pressure changes
Percentage of fluid filtered out that is reabsorbed back into the capillary and where rest goes
90%. 10% (excess) drained by lymphatic vessels.
Lymphatic system 4 steps
Network of blind-ended terminal tubules -> Lymphatic vessels -> lymphatic ducts -> drain in large veins of the chest
Daily basis : total blood flow in capillaries
6000 L
Daily basis : Volume filtered in ISF and what happens to it
20 L filtered into ISF. 17 L returned by absorption. 3 L returned by lymph drainage
Lymphatic vessel composition and permeability to different substances
Highly permeable to ISF constituents (fluid, solutes) and proteins that escape capillary wall and go into ISF
What osmotic pressure of a solution depends on
NUMBER of osmotically active particles per unit of volume. (not configuration, size or shape)
Osmotic pressure exerted by each protein fraction is directly related to
its concentration in the plasma
Osmotic pressure exerted by each protein fraction is inversly related to
its MW (molecular weight) (for a same weight, a higher molecular weight means less particles)
For 1 g of a plasma protein, which plasma protein will have the most particles
albumin (lowest molec. weight)
C.O.P of albumin
20 mm Hg (contributes to 80% of C.O.P)
C.O.P of globulins
5 mm Hg
C.O.P of fibrinogen
< 1 mm Hg
plasma protein that has the most important role in fluid shifts across capillary wall
albumin
