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PHGY 209 > Blood part 1 > Flashcards

Blood part 1 Flashcards

1
Q

3 functions of blood

A

Transport, acid-base balance, protective

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2
Q

Components of blood’s transport function (5)

A

Respiratory, nutritive, excretory, hormones, temp. regulation (heat dissipates in fluid)

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3
Q

Normal blood pH range

A

7.30 - 7.45

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4
Q

2 things to not about blood’s protective function (2)

A

Vs invading organisms + blood/cells and proteins part of defense mechanisms

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5
Q

2 fluid compartments blood contains

A

ECF (plasma) and ICF (blood cells)

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6
Q

2 ways of studying blood

A

in vivo, in vitro

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7
Q

Normal blood volume

A

normovolemia

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8
Q

Lower blood volume

A

hypovolemia

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9
Q

Higher blood volume

A

hypervolemia

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10
Q

Centrifuged blood composition

A

Plasma 55% Buffy layer (WBCs and platelets) <1% RBCs 45%

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11
Q

Hematocrit def.

A

% of blood volume occupied by RBCs

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12
Q

synonym for RBCs

A

erythrocytes

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13
Q

Hematocrit formula

A

Ht = (height of erythrocyte column/height of whole blood column ) * 100

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14
Q

Normal value for hematocrit and value for women

A

45%, women = slightly lower than 45%

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15
Q

Complete blood count (CBC) what it is

A

Report giving counts of different cell types in the blood and information about the blood (RBCs, types of WBCs, hematocrit, etc)

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16
Q

Blood volume % of body weight

A

7-8% of body weight

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17
Q

Blood volume in 70 kg male

A

5 - 5.5 L

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18
Q

TOTAL Blood volume occupied by RBCs

A

45% * 5 = 2.25 L

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19
Q

TOTAL Blood volume occupied by Plasma

A

2.75 L

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20
Q

Composition of plasma 4 things that are found and what fluid compartment this composition ressembles

A

water, ions, other molecules, proteins

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21
Q

Water in plasma

A

More than 90% of it

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22
Q

Ions in plasma and their concentration

A

Na+, K+, Mg 2+, Ca 2+, Cl -, HCO3 -, PO4 -

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23
Q

Approx. of ion concentration in plasma

A

Approximated by physiological saline 0.9 g/dL NaCl

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24
Q

Other molecules in plasma

A

O2, CO2 (constant turnover volume - turnover = replacement), glucose, amino acids, lipids, urea, lactic acid

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25
Q

Proteins in plasma

A

Albumins, Globulins and Fibrinogen (3 major groups, categories)

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26
Q

What kind of molecule are the plasma proteins (+ meaning)

A

Colloids. = dispersed insoluble molecules in suspension

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27
Q

Proportion of proteins in plasma

A

7g %

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28
Q

4 methods of protein seperation

A

Differential precipitation by salts
Sedimentation in ultracentrifuge
Electrophoretic mobility
Immunological characteristics

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29
Q

Differential precipitation by salts principle

A

Seperated in diff. proportions depending on salt concentration

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30
Q

Electrophoresis def.

A

Fractioning method based on movement of charged particles along a voltage gradient

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31
Q

What influences rate of migration of proteins during electrophoresis

A

Number and distribution of charges + molar weight of each protein

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32
Q

Proteins charge and pH of plasma and why

A

Most of them are negatively charged at plasma pH because avec NH2 and COO-

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33
Q

Electrophoresis steps with plasma

A

Drop of plasma on negative end, prots migrate to positive end, Protein dye applied to see bands (stains)

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34
Q

On what liquid electrophoresis of plasma done

A

Serum (plasma without cloting proteins) so it doesn’t clot in presence of fibrinogen

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35
Q

Electrophoresis scan utility

A

graph -> measure area under each peak = know amount or concentr. of each protein group

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36
Q

Plasma electophoretic pattern (from + to -) and RELATIVE amount if 1 = few and 4 = a lot

A

Albumin (4) , alpha 1 globulins (1), alpha 2 globulins (3), beta globulins, Fibrinogen, gamma globulins

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37
Q

Serum electrophoretic pattern

A

No Fibrinogen peak

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38
Q

Renal disease consequence

A

Proteins lost from blood to urine

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39
Q

Electrophoretic pattern in renal disease

A

Lower albumin peak (smaller one so first to be lost in urine)

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40
Q

Bacterial infection consequence on electrophoretic pattern

A

Production of immunoglobulins -> more gamma globulins (higher peak)

41
Q

Where albumin produced

A

liver (specific cells)

42
Q

Where fibrinogen produced

A

liver (specific cells)

43
Q

Where globulins produced

A

alpha 1, alpha 2 and beta globulins in liver (specific cells). gamma globulins in lymphoid tissue)

44
Q

consequence of liver disease

A

Plasma proteins levels are lowered

45
Q

what is a K or KDa

A

kilodalton -> g/mol

46
Q

Albumin properties (shape, MW in KDa, concentration in g%)

A

oval, 69 KDa, 4g %

47
Q

Globulins properties (shape, MW in KDa, concentration in g%)

A

multiple shapes (very heterogeneous category) : circular, elongated, oval ; 90-800 KDa, 2.7g %

48
Q

Fibrinogen properties (shape, MW in KDa, concentration in g%)

A

elongated. 350 KDa, 0.3g %

49
Q

Role of plasma protein

A

Determining fluid distribution between plasma and ISF by controlling transcapillary dynamics

50
Q

Membranes between major subcompartments and their permeability to ions (and water)

A

cell membrane between ECF and ISF : impermeable to ions. capillary wall between ISF and plasma : permeable to water and ions

51
Q

ICF, ECF, ISF and plasma % of body mass

A

40% ICF, 20% ECF (15% ISF, 5% plasma)

52
Q

relative concentrations of ions in ICF

A

lot of K+, lot of PO4 3-, protein anions, others

53
Q

relative concentrations of ions in ISF

A

lot of Na+, lot of Cl -, HCO 3-, others

54
Q

relative concentration of ions in plasma

A

lot of Na+, lot of Cl-, HCO 3-, ** protein anions **, others

55
Q

Difference plasma vs ISF

A

Plasma = more protein (7g/dL) than ISF

56
Q

Estimation of ECF concentration (2 values)

A

Approximated by a 0.9% solution of NaCl = 300 mOsm

57
Q

T/F : ISF no protein

A

F : but it is relatively poor in protein

58
Q

Ionic composition and osmotic pressure of ISF and plasma

A

Both : 0.9% NaCl, 300 mOsm, o.p. = 6.7 atm = 5100 mmHg

59
Q

What is necessary for NET flow of water between compartments

A

there has to be a difference in osmotic pressure

60
Q

T/F : adding ions to plasma or ISF contributes to a difference in osmotic pressure between plasma/ISF

A

F : ions cross capillary wall freely

61
Q

What do we call osmotic pressure of a solution that creates a difference between o.p of 2 compartments

A

effective o.p.

62
Q

What can contribute to effective o.p

A

Non-diffusible solutes

63
Q

What solutes do not contribute to effective o.p and why

A

Diffusible solutes -> they become equally distributed on both sides of membrane

64
Q

Plasma proteins diff. or non diff. + conseq

A

Non-diffusible -> osmotic effect

65
Q

Name of the osmotic effect of plasma proteins

A

Colloidal osmotic pressure or Oncotic pressure

66
Q

Value of Colloidal osmotic pressure (c.o.p) or Oncotic pressure

A

= 25 mmHg

67
Q

What happens if c.o.p increases

A

more water flows in plasma

68
Q

What happens if c.o.p decreases

A

more water flows in ISF

69
Q

what is bulk flow

A

flow of molecules subjected to a pressure difference

70
Q

Magnitude of bulk flow directly proportional to what

A

hydrostatic pressure difference

71
Q

Filtration

A

bulk flow across a porous membrane (which acts as a sieve withholding some particles)

72
Q

Two mechanisms across capillaries and what they do

A

Filtration : tends to push fluid out of capillaries

Osmotic flow : tends to pull fluid or retain fluid in capillaries

73
Q

What are called the two important transport mechanisms across capillary wall

A

Starling forces

74
Q

Circulatory system 5 types of blood vessels

A

Arteries, arterioles, capillaries, venules, veins

75
Q

Where exchanges between plasma/ISF take place

A

Capillary bed (in capillaries)

76
Q

Why exchanges can’t take place between ISF/plasma in blood vessels other than capillaries

A

walls too thick

77
Q

What diffusion does at the level of capillary wall

A

responsible for exchange of nutrients, gases, wastes

78
Q

What Starling forces do

A

Determine distribution of ECF volume between Plasma and ICF

79
Q

Filtration is due to what pressure

A

blood pressure (from heart) -> hydrostatic pressure diff.

80
Q

Osmotic flow is due to what pressure

A

C.O.P or oncotic pressure

81
Q

Blood pressure at arterial end of capillary + consequence

A

35 mm Hg fluid wants to go out of capillary

82
Q

Blood pressure at venous end of capillary + consequence

A

15 mm Hg fluid wants to go out of capillary

83
Q

C.O.P value and consequence

A

25 mm Hg fluid wants to go in the capillary

84
Q

Pressure at arterial end and venous end of capillary : name and consequence

A

Arterial end : Net filtration pressure of 10 mm Hg

Venous end : Net absorption pressure of 10 mm Hg

85
Q

Where exchanges (filtration/absorption) take place in the capillary and how what happens with net pressure

A

Along the whole length of the capillary. Net pressure changes

86
Q

Percentage of fluid filtered out that is reabsorbed back into the capillary and where rest goes

A

90%. 10% (excess) drained by lymphatic vessels.

87
Q

Lymphatic system 4 steps

A

Network of blind-ended terminal tubules -> Lymphatic vessels -> lymphatic ducts -> drain in large veins of the chest

88
Q

Daily basis : total blood flow in capillaries

A

6000 L

89
Q

Daily basis : Volume filtered in ISF and what happens to it

A

20 L filtered into ISF. 17 L returned by absorption. 3 L returned by lymph drainage

90
Q

Lymphatic vessel composition and permeability to different substances

A

Highly permeable to ISF constituents (fluid, solutes) and proteins that escape capillary wall and go into ISF

91
Q

What osmotic pressure of a solution depends on

A

NUMBER of osmotically active particles per unit of volume. (not configuration, size or shape)

92
Q

Osmotic pressure exerted by each protein fraction is directly related to

A

its concentration in the plasma

93
Q

Osmotic pressure exerted by each protein fraction is inversly related to

A

its MW (molecular weight) (for a same weight, a higher molecular weight means less particles)

94
Q

For 1 g of a plasma protein, which plasma protein will have the most particles

A

albumin (lowest molec. weight)

95
Q

C.O.P of albumin

A

20 mm Hg (contributes to 80% of C.O.P)

96
Q

C.O.P of globulins

A

5 mm Hg

97
Q

C.O.P of fibrinogen

A

< 1 mm Hg

98
Q

plasma protein that has the most important role in fluid shifts across capillary wall

A

albumin

PHGY 209 (17 decks)

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