Nephrology

Question 1

Wilms tumour?

Answer 1

Deletion on the short arm of chromosome 11

Question 2

Transitional cell carcinoma

Answer 2

Smoking, analgesic nephropathy, β nephropathy, schistosomiasis,

Question 3

What cancer is associated with cadmium exposure

Answer 3

Renal cell carcinoma

Question 4

What is the most common renal manifestation in ankylosing spondylitis?

Answer 4

Amyloidosis followed by IgA nephropathy
Others: These include mesangioproliferative glomerulonephritis, membranous nephropathy, focal segmental glomerulosclerosis, and focal proliferative glomeruleonephritis as well as kidney stones
Three nephropathy associated with AS:
AA amyloidosis (large kidneys)- heavy proteinuria
Ig A nephropathy- protein and blood
NSAID nephropathy

Question 5

Autosomal dominant PKD

Answer 5

Short arm of chromosome 16. 10% of cases is chromosome 4. Liver cysts may be present and cerebral aneurysms. Mitral valve prolapse and aortic incompetence may be seen.

Question 6

Alport Syndrome

Answer 6

autosomal recessive or x-linked pattern with abnormalities in Type IV collagen. Patients present with sensorineural hearing loss and nephritis. Angiotensin inhibitors may slow progression of renal disease. Patients may have progressive retinopathy

Question 7

Lupus nephritis

Answer 7

deposition of immune complexes between GBM and vascular endothelium (sub endothelial) leading to attraction of complement which can present with hematuria (proliferative and mesangial glomerulonephritis). Complexes may also be deposited between GBM and bowman’s capsule which is subepithelial leading to proteinuria (membranous nephropathy)

Question 8

Renal biopsy findings in Hep C

Answer 8

cryoglobulins with type 1 mesangiocapillary glomerulonephritis

Question 9

Renal biopsy findings inGPA

Answer 9

granulomas seen with glomerulonephritis

Question 10

Renal biospy in HIVAN

Answer 10

focal segmental flomerulosclerosis

Question 11

What renal diseases is RA associated with?

Answer 11

Membranous nephropathy, Renal amyloidosis, analgesic nephropathy and rheumatoid vacsulitis

Question 12

Cystinuria

Answer 12

may present with urolithiasis. On urine analysis hexagon-shaped crystals may be seen. Sodium nitroprusside urine test is positive (turns purple). Cystine stones are poorly radiopaque. Usually seen on CT, not X-ray.

Question 13

Struvite stones

Answer 13

Caused by UTI. Are radiopaque. Present with alkaline urine (also seen with calcium stones)

Question 14

Uric acid stones

Answer 14

rhomboid crystals, radiolucent on X-ray

Question 15

Biopsy findings in post-streptococcal glomerulonephritis?

Answer 15

subepithelial humps

Question 16

Lupus nephritis on biopsy

Answer 16

proliferative glomerulonephritis which present sixth deposition of Ig G,A,M and C3 and 4