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Pathology > Neoplasia: Pathoma, BRS, First Aid > Flashcards

Neoplasia: Pathoma, BRS, First Aid Flashcards

1
Q

What is neoplasia?

A

New tissue growth that is Unregulated, irreversible, and monoclonal

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2
Q

What does monoclonal mean?

A

Neoplastic cells are derived from a single mother cell

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3
Q

Clonality was historically determined by what?

A

G6PD enzyme isoforms

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4
Q

Clonality of B lymphocytes is determined by what?

A

Ig light chain phenotype ratio of kappa to lambda

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5
Q

What is hyperplasia?

A

Increase in number of cells

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6
Q

What is metaplasia?

A

One adult cell type is replaced by another usually due to irritation and or environmental exposure

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7
Q

What is dysplasia?

A

Abnormal growth with loss of cellular orientation, shape, and size

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8
Q

What is anaplasia?

A

Abnormal cells lacking differentiation

Resemble primitive cels of same tissue

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9
Q

What is desmoplasia?

A

Fibrous tissue formation in response to neoplasm

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10
Q

What 3 -plasia’s are reversible?

What 3 -plasia’s are not?

A

Reversible: Hyper, Meta, Dys
Irreversible: Ana, Neo, Desmo

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11
Q

What does well-differentiated mean in neoplasia?

A

If it closely resembles the tissue of origin

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12
Q

Neoplasias are separated how?

Define each

A
  1. Benign: Well differentiated, slow growing, well demarcated, possibly encapsulated, remain local and do not metastasize
  2. Malignant: May be poorly differentiated, erratic growth, Invade locally and metastasize
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13
Q

Name benign and malignant neoplasia in the epithelium

A

Benign: Adenoma, papilloma
Malignant: Adenocarcinoma, Papillary carcinoma

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14
Q

Name benign and malignant neoplasia in the mesenchyme/fat

A

Benign: Lipoma
Malignant: Liposarcoma

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15
Q

Name benign and malignant neoplasia in the lymphocytes?

A

Benign: None
Malignant: Lymphoma or Leukemia

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16
Q

Name benign and malignant neoplasia in the blood vessels?

A

Benign: Hemangioma
Malignant: Angiosarcoma

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17
Q

Name benign and malignant neoplasia in the smooth muscle

A

Benign: Leiomyoma
Malignant: Leiomyosarcoma

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18
Q

Name benign and malignant neoplasia in the striated muscle

A

Benign: Rhabdomyoma
Malignant: Rhabdomyosarcoma

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19
Q

Name benign and malignant neoplasia in the CT

A

Benignt: Fibroma
Malignant: Fibrosarcoma

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20
Q

Name benign and malignant neoplasia in the bone?

A

Benign: Osteoma
Malignant: OSteosarcoma

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21
Q

What is the most defining characteristic of malignancy?

A

Metastasis

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22
Q

What do anaplastic cells exhibit? (4)

A

Pleiomorphism
Hyperchromatism (Dark nuclei)
Bigger nuclei
Prominent nucleoli

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23
Q

What does carcinoma mean?

A

Malignancy of epithelial cells

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24
Q

Squamous cell carcinoma originates where?

A

Stratified squamous epithelium of skin, mouth, esophagus, vagina and places with squamous metaplasia

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25
Q

How is squamous cell carcinoma marked?

A

Production of keratin

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26
Q

Transitional cell carcinoma arises where?

A

Transitional cell epithelium of urinary tract

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27
Q

Adenocarcinoma is a carcinoma of what?

A

Glandular epithelium

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28
Q

Adenocarcinomas are found where? 5

A
  1. GI mucosa
  2. Endometrium
  3. Pancreas
  4. Breast
  5. Prostate
29
Q

What cancer quality is adenocarcinoma frequently seen with?

30
Q

What is sarcoma?

A

Malignancy of mesenchymal cells

31
Q

What is a teratoma?

Benign or malignant

A

Neoplasm derived from all three germ cell layers

Could be either

32
Q

What is a choristoma?

A

Small non-neoplastic area of normal tissue misplaced in another organ

33
Q

What is a hamartoma?

A

Non-neoplastic, disorganized overgrowth of cell types found with an affected organ

34
Q

What is an example of a hamartoma?

A

Hemangioma: Accumulation of blood vessels

35
Q

What now is the gene most commonly used to determine clonality?

36
Q

Cancer ranks where in cause of death in children?

In adults?

A

2nd for both

37
Q

Most common cancers by incidence in adults/

A
  1. Breast/prostate
  2. Lung
  3. colorectal
38
Q

Most common cancers by mortality in adults?

A
  1. Lung
  2. Breast/prostate
  3. Colrectal
39
Q

How many divisions occur before cancer symptoms?

40
Q

Cancers that do not produce symptoms until late in disease have what characteristics?

A

More divisions –> More mutations –> More lethal effects

41
Q

What does a pap smear do?

A

Detect cervical dysplasia before it becomes carcinoma

42
Q

What does mammography do?

A

Detects in situ breast cancer before it invades or before its palpable

43
Q

What does PSA and digital rectal exam detect?

A

Prostate carcinoma before it spreads

44
Q

Hemooccult test and colonoscopy detect what?

A

colonic adenoma before it becomes colonic carcinoma or spreads

45
Q

Cancer formation is initiated by what?

A

Damage to DNA of stem cells

46
Q

What are carcinogens?

A

Agents that damage DNA

47
Q

What do aflatoxins cause?

A

Hepatocellular carcinoma

48
Q

What are alkylating agents cause?

A

Leukemia/lymphoma

49
Q

What does alcohol cause? 2

A

Squamous cell carcinoma throat and UE

Hepatocellular carcinoma

50
Q

What does arsenic do? 3

A

Aquamous cell carcinoma of skin
Lung cancer
Angiosarcoma of liver

51
Q

What does asbestos cause? 2

A

Lung carcinoma

Mesothelioma

52
Q

What does smoking cause?

A

Carcinoma of throat, esophagus, lung, kidney, bladder and pancreas

53
Q

What do nitrosamines cause?

A

Stomach carcinoma

54
Q

What does naphthylamine cause?

A

Urothelial carcinoma of bladder

55
Q

Vinyl chloride causes what?

A

Angiosarcoma of liver

56
Q

What does nickel, chromium, beryllium or silica cause?

A

Lung carcinoma

57
Q

What is initiaiton?

A

First critical carcinogenic event: DNA and chemical reacting

58
Q

What is promotion?

A

When something not carcinogenic enhances carcinogenicity of another carcinogen

59
Q

What does Ebv cause? (3)

A
  1. Throat carcinoma
  2. Burkitt lymphoma
  3. CNS lymphoma in AIDS
60
Q

What does HHV-8 cause?

A

Kaposi sarcoma

61
Q

What does HBV and HCV cause?

A

Hepatocellular carcinoma

62
Q

HTLV-1

A

Adult T cell leukemia/lymphoma

63
Q

High risk HPV causes what?

What strains are bad?

A

SCC of vagina, anus, cervix
Adenocarcinoma of cervix

16, 18, 31, 33

64
Q

What does benzene cause?

A

Acute leukemia

65
Q

What does thorotrast cause?

A

Hepatic hemangiosarcoma

66
Q

What does H. pylori cause? (2)

A

Adenocarcinoma

B-cell lymphomas

67
Q

What are proto-oncogenes essential for?

A

Cell growth and differentiation

68
Q

Mutations of proto-oncogenes form what?

A

Oncogenes that lead to unregulated cellular growth?

Pathology (36 decks)

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