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Pathology > Neoplasia: Pathoma, BRS, First Aid > Flashcards

Neoplasia: Pathoma, BRS, First Aid Flashcards

1
Q

What is neoplasia?

A

New tissue growth that is Unregulated, irreversible, and monoclonal

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2
Q

What does monoclonal mean?

A

Neoplastic cells are derived from a single mother cell

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3
Q

Clonality was historically determined by what?

A

G6PD enzyme isoforms

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4
Q

Clonality of B lymphocytes is determined by what?

A

Ig light chain phenotype ratio of kappa to lambda

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5
Q

What is hyperplasia?

A

Increase in number of cells

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6
Q

What is metaplasia?

A

One adult cell type is replaced by another usually due to irritation and or environmental exposure

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7
Q

What is dysplasia?

A

Abnormal growth with loss of cellular orientation, shape, and size

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8
Q

What is anaplasia?

A

Abnormal cells lacking differentiation

Resemble primitive cels of same tissue

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9
Q

What is desmoplasia?

A

Fibrous tissue formation in response to neoplasm

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10
Q

What 3 -plasia’s are reversible?

What 3 -plasia’s are not?

A

Reversible: Hyper, Meta, Dys
Irreversible: Ana, Neo, Desmo

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11
Q

What does well-differentiated mean in neoplasia?

A

If it closely resembles the tissue of origin

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12
Q

Neoplasias are separated how?

Define each

A
  1. Benign: Well differentiated, slow growing, well demarcated, possibly encapsulated, remain local and do not metastasize
  2. Malignant: May be poorly differentiated, erratic growth, Invade locally and metastasize
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13
Q

Name benign and malignant neoplasia in the epithelium

A

Benign: Adenoma, papilloma
Malignant: Adenocarcinoma, Papillary carcinoma

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14
Q

Name benign and malignant neoplasia in the mesenchyme/fat

A

Benign: Lipoma
Malignant: Liposarcoma

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15
Q

Name benign and malignant neoplasia in the lymphocytes?

A

Benign: None
Malignant: Lymphoma or Leukemia

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16
Q

Name benign and malignant neoplasia in the blood vessels?

A

Benign: Hemangioma
Malignant: Angiosarcoma

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17
Q

Name benign and malignant neoplasia in the smooth muscle

A

Benign: Leiomyoma
Malignant: Leiomyosarcoma

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18
Q

Name benign and malignant neoplasia in the striated muscle

A

Benign: Rhabdomyoma
Malignant: Rhabdomyosarcoma

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19
Q

Name benign and malignant neoplasia in the CT

A

Benignt: Fibroma
Malignant: Fibrosarcoma

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20
Q

Name benign and malignant neoplasia in the bone?

A

Benign: Osteoma
Malignant: OSteosarcoma

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21
Q

What is the most defining characteristic of malignancy?

A

Metastasis

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22
Q

What do anaplastic cells exhibit? (4)

A

Pleiomorphism
Hyperchromatism (Dark nuclei)
Bigger nuclei
Prominent nucleoli

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23
Q

What does carcinoma mean?

A

Malignancy of epithelial cells

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24
Q

Squamous cell carcinoma originates where?

A

Stratified squamous epithelium of skin, mouth, esophagus, vagina and places with squamous metaplasia

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25
How is squamous cell carcinoma marked?
Production of keratin
26
Transitional cell carcinoma arises where?
Transitional cell epithelium of urinary tract
27
Adenocarcinoma is a carcinoma of what?
Glandular epithelium
28
Adenocarcinomas are found where? 5
1. GI mucosa 2. Endometrium 3. Pancreas 4. Breast 5. Prostate
29
What cancer quality is adenocarcinoma frequently seen with?
Dysplasia
30
What is sarcoma?
Malignancy of mesenchymal cells
31
What is a teratoma? | Benign or malignant
Neoplasm derived from all three germ cell layers | Could be either
32
What is a choristoma?
Small non-neoplastic area of normal tissue misplaced in another organ
33
What is a hamartoma?
Non-neoplastic, disorganized overgrowth of cell types found with an affected organ
34
What is an example of a hamartoma?
Hemangioma: Accumulation of blood vessels
35
What now is the gene most commonly used to determine clonality?
HUMARA
36
Cancer ranks where in cause of death in children? | In adults?
2nd for both
37
Most common cancers by incidence in adults/
1. Breast/prostate 2. Lung 3. colorectal
38
Most common cancers by mortality in adults?
1. Lung 2. Breast/prostate 3. Colrectal
39
How many divisions occur before cancer symptoms?
30
40
Cancers that do not produce symptoms until late in disease have what characteristics?
More divisions --> More mutations --> More lethal effects
41
What does a pap smear do?
Detect cervical dysplasia before it becomes carcinoma
42
What does mammography do?
Detects in situ breast cancer before it invades or before its palpable
43
What does PSA and digital rectal exam detect?
Prostate carcinoma before it spreads
44
Hemooccult test and colonoscopy detect what?
colonic adenoma before it becomes colonic carcinoma or spreads
45
Cancer formation is initiated by what?
Damage to DNA of stem cells
46
What are carcinogens?
Agents that damage DNA
47
What do aflatoxins cause?
Hepatocellular carcinoma
48
What are alkylating agents cause?
Leukemia/lymphoma
49
What does alcohol cause? 2
Squamous cell carcinoma throat and UE | Hepatocellular carcinoma
50
What does arsenic do? 3
Aquamous cell carcinoma of skin Lung cancer Angiosarcoma of liver
51
What does asbestos cause? 2
Lung carcinoma | Mesothelioma
52
What does smoking cause?
Carcinoma of throat, esophagus, lung, kidney, bladder and pancreas
53
What do nitrosamines cause?
Stomach carcinoma
54
What does naphthylamine cause?
Urothelial carcinoma of bladder
55
Vinyl chloride causes what?
Angiosarcoma of liver
56
What does nickel, chromium, beryllium or silica cause?
Lung carcinoma
57
What is initiaiton?
First critical carcinogenic event: DNA and chemical reacting
58
What is promotion?
When something not carcinogenic enhances carcinogenicity of another carcinogen
59
What does Ebv cause? (3)
1. Throat carcinoma 2. Burkitt lymphoma 3. CNS lymphoma in AIDS
60
What does HHV-8 cause?
Kaposi sarcoma
61
What does HBV and HCV cause?
Hepatocellular carcinoma
62
HTLV-1
Adult T cell leukemia/lymphoma
63
High risk HPV causes what? | What strains are bad?
SCC of vagina, anus, cervix Adenocarcinoma of cervix 16, 18, 31, 33
64
What does benzene cause?
Acute leukemia
65
What does thorotrast cause?
Hepatic hemangiosarcoma
66
What does H. pylori cause? (2)
Adenocarcinoma | B-cell lymphomas
67
What are proto-oncogenes essential for?
Cell growth and differentiation
68
Mutations of proto-oncogenes form what?
Oncogenes that lead to unregulated cellular growth?

Pathology (36 decks)

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