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Pathology > Midterm WBC Review > Flashcards

Midterm WBC Review Flashcards

1
Q

What cause flow cytometry to be used

A

AIDS

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2
Q

T-cell CD markers
B-Cell
NK cell
All cells

A

T: 1-8
B: 19,20
NK: 15, 56
All: 45

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3
Q

Use of flow cytometry?

A

COnfirm diagnoses

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4
Q

Most common form of leukopenia

A

Neutropenia

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5
Q

Neutropenia neutrophil count?
3 causes
Which most common

A

Less than a 1000/ul

  1. Inadequate granulopoiesis
  2. Accelerated removal
  3. Drug toxicity (most common)
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6
Q

Drug responsible for neutropenia usually

A

Chemo

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7
Q

Major problem with leukopenia

A

Infections

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8
Q

Reactive leukocytosis
Reaction to what?
Mimics what?
Lab count definition

A

Infection or inflammatory stimuli
Mimics leukemia (leukemoid reaction)
WBC greater than 50,000

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9
Q

Define leukoerythroblastosis?

A

Presence of nucleated RBC’s and left shift of neutrophils

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10
Q

Three toxic changes in neutrophilia (3)

A
  1. Toxic degranualation
  2. Dohle bodies
  3. Cytoplasmic vacuoles
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11
Q

Infectious mono
Main blood manifestation (primary histo finding)
3 other symptoms

A

Reactive lymphocytosis

Sore throat, lymphadenitis, splenomegaly

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12
Q

Infectious mono cause

How to detect (2)

A

EBV

Monospot test or Specific EBV Ab’s in blood

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13
Q

Acute nonspecific lymphadenitis
Two location types
Two specific types

A

Localized or generalized
Bubos: yersinia pestis
Scrofula: mycobacteria

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14
Q

Chronic nonspecific lymphadenitis
Three causes
Common finding in cancer lymph nodes
Two lymph node locations

A

Viral infection, Post-vaccination, Dilantin
Sinus histiocytosis in lymph nodes draining cancers
Inguinal and axillary lymph nodes

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15
Q

Cat scratch fever
Cause
2 results

A

Bartonella henselae

  1. Regional lymphadenopathy
  2. Stellate necrotizing granulomas
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16
Q

Leukemias are only found where? 2

A

Peripheral blood

Bone marrow

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17
Q

Main finding in Hodgkin lymphoma

A

Reed-sternberg cell

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18
Q

Main cell-origin of most lymph neoplasms

A

B-cell

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19
Q

Effaced lymph node means you can exclude what?

A

Lymphoma

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20
Q

Acute leukemias
How it presents
Lab findings (3)

A

Abrupt stormy onset

Anemia, Thrombocytopenia, >20% blasts

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21
Q 
Precursor B and T cell leukemia/lymphoma
Age of patients
Pre-B present how? Involvement of what
Pre-T present how? Involvement of what
WIll both appear how at some point?
Pre-B age
Pre-T age?
A 
Children/young adults
Leukemia with BM and PB involement
Mediastinal mass involving thymus 
ALL
Child
Teenager
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22
Q

Special title of ALL?

A

Most common cancer of children

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23
Q

Pre-B CD markers? (2)

A

CD19 and CD20

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24
Q

Pre-T CD marker?

A

CD1, CD2, CD5, CD7, and later CD3, CD4, CD8

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25
Q

Enzyme found in both Pre-B and Pre-T?

A

TdT

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26
Q

Which is best prognosis, PreB or Pre-T?

A

Pre-B better

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27
Q 
Small lymphocytic lymphoma/CLL
Special title
Age
Histo finding
Two special markers 
Two complications
A 
Most common leukemia in Western world
60
Smudge cells
CD23 and CD5 along with pan-B
Autoimmune hemolytic anemia and thrombocytopenia
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28
Q 
Follicluar lymphoma
3 special markers
How to stage
Major mutation 
Result of mutation
A

CD10, BCL6, BCL2
Bone marrow part of staging
14:18 translocation
Overexpress BCL2

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29
Q

Diffuse Large B-cell lymphoma
Title
Age
Growth pattern

A

Most common form of NHL
60
Aggressive and diffuse

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30
Q 
Burkitt lymphoma 
Histo pattern
Age
Main manifestation in US
Main manifestation in Africa
Main translocation
Gene involved
Gene on what chromosome 
What is on other chromosome
A 
Starry sky
Young
Visceral
Jaw involvement
8:14 translocation 
c-MYC gene
Chromosome 8
Ch 14 has Ig Heavy chain
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31
Q 
Mantle cell lymphoma
Age and sex
Two markers positive
One marker negative 
Most translocation 
Gene involved
A 
Old males
CD5 and BCL1/Cyclin D1 positive
Negative for CD23
11:14 translocation 
Cyclin D1/BCL1
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32
Q

Marginal zone lymphoma is commonly found where?

A

Marginal Zone Lymphoma (extranodal)

33
Q

Marginal zone lymphoma MALT is associated with what? (3)

A
  1. Sjogren
  2. Hashimoto
  3. H. pylori
34
Q 
Hairy Cell Leukemia 
Age/Sex/Ethnic
Histo finding 
3 special CD markers
Triad of symptoms 
Major stain for this type
A 
Middle-aged Caucasian males
Hair-like cytoplasmic projections
CD11c, CD25, CD103
Splenomegaly, Pancytopenia, Dry Tap
TRAP stain
35
Q

Plasma Cell neoplasms/Dyscrasias
Cell type
Has what diagnostic feature
Common urine finding

A

IG-secreting B Cells
Monoclonal spike = M Component
Bence Jones proteins (light chains)

36
Q 
Plasma cell myeloma
Title
Primary clinical finding 
Blood level finding 
M component is mainly what
Urine finding 
Complication of urine finding
Blood histo finding (2)
A

Most common plasma cell dyscrasia
Multifocal lytic lesions of axial skeleton
Hypercalcemia
IgG
Bence Jones proteins
Amyloidosis
Rouleaux formation and Mott Cells with Russell bodies

37
Q

Solitary plasmocytoma
Presentation
Usually develop what after time

A

Solitary bony lesion in skeleton or soft tissues

Disseminated disease like myeloma after time

38
Q

Monoclonal Gammopathy of Undetermined Significance
Seen in who?
Severity

A

M component spike in healthy elderly patients

Not severe, but should monitor

39
Q

Lymphoplasmacytic Lymphoma
M component Ig?
Can progress to what syndrome?
What makes this syndrome special?

A

IgM
Waldenstrom Macroglobulinemia
Hyperviscosity syndrome

40
Q

Peripheral T cell neoplasms have what markers?

How do they respond to therapy

A

2, 3, 5

Respond poorly to therapy

41
Q 
Anaplastic large Cell lymphoma
Rearrangement of what gene
Chromosome
Main cell
Age
Best prognosis
A 
ALK gene
2p23
Anaplastic cells
Children and young adults
ALK+ tumors best prognosis
42
Q

Adult-T cell leukemia
Cause:
4 clinical findings

A

HTLV-1

Skin lesions, hepatosplenomegaly, hypercalcemia, elevated WBC count

43
Q

Mycosis FUngoides and Sezary

Cells appear how

A

Cerebriform

44
Q

Mycosis fungioides 3 phases

A

Inflammatory pre-mycotic
plaque phase
tumor phase

45
Q

Sezary syndrome

Main presentation

A

Generalized exfoliative erythroderma

46
Q

Large Granular lymphocytic leukemia
Two histo findings
Which form is more aggressive

A

Abundant blue cytoplasm and scattered coarse azurophilic granules
NK cell

47
Q

Extranodal NK/T-cell lymphoma
Presents how
Virus association

A

Nasopharyngeal mass

EBV

48
Q 
Hodgkin lymphoma
Primary cell
Two CD markers 
Origin of most
Age
Curable?
A 
Reed-Sternberg cell
CD15 and CD30
B cell
Young adults
Curable
49
Q

The classic hodgkin lymphoma are positive for what two markers
Negative for what two?
Virus associated with many of these

A

CD15 and CD30
CD20 and CD45 negative
EBV

50
Q

Nodular sclerosis lymphoma
Title
Two histo findings

A

Most common form of HL overall

Lacunar cells and collagen fibrosis bands

51
Q

MIxed cellularity hodgkin lymphoma
Title
Sex
EBV%

A

Most common form of HL in elderly
Males
70%

52
Q

Lymphocyte rich hodgkin lymphoma
Predominate cell
EBV association

A

Reactive lymphocytes

40% EBV

53
Q

Lymphocyte Depletion Hodgkin Lymphoma
Title
Two patient types
EBV%

A

Least common form of HL
Elderly and HIV
90% EBV

54
Q 
Lymphocyte Predominance HOdgkin lymphoma
Male/Sex
Characteristic cells
RS cell presence? 
Two positive markers
Two negative markers 
EBV association?
A 
Younger males
Lymphohistiocytic/Popcorn cells
R-S cells very rare
CD20 and BCL6 positive
CD15 and CD30 negative
55
Q 
Acute myeloid leukemia
Mutation mechanism
Age association
Peaks when 
1st order diagnosis 
Primary histo finding
CD markers 
Key diagnostic finding
A 
Acquired oncogenic blocks differentiation 
Increases with age
Peaks after 60
Karyotypic findings
Auer Rods
CD13, CD14, CD15, CD33
> 20% myeloblasts
56
Q

The M3 version of AML is named what?

A

Acute promyelocytic leukemia

57
Q 
APL 
Translocation
Two genes and their chromosome
Two complications
Characteristic Cell
A

15:17
RARA gene on 17 and PML gene on 15
DIC and bleeding diatheses
Faggot cell

58
Q 
Myelodysplastic 
Mechanism
Bone marrow change
Age of onset
Primary complication 
Most patients die of what
A 
Abnormal differentiation
Bone marrow hypercellular
Age of onset = 70
Refractory anemia occurs
Marrow failure (platelet loss/infection)
59
Q 
Myeloproliferative disorders
Mechanism
Main mutation 
Two specific mutations
Change in marrow
Change in liver/spleen
A 
Cells capable of normal differentiation divide like crazy
Mutated tyrosine kinases
BCR-ABL (9/22) and JAK2
Marrow proliferates
Hepatosplenomegaly
60
Q 
Chronic myeloid leukemia
Mutation
Age
Organ change
WBC changes (2)
Bone marrow change
One diagnostic test 
Two progressions
Treatment
A 
Adults
Philadelphia chromosome 9/22
Splenomegaly
WBC increase with basophil increase
Panhyperplasia of marrow
Decreased LAP score
Accelerated phase or Blast crisis 
Gleevec
61
Q

Relative polycythemia definition

A

Plasma volume decreases elevating HCT

62
Q

Absolute polycythemia definition

A

Actual increase in total red cell mass

63
Q

Difference between primary and secondary absolute polycythemias?

A 
Primary = Low EPO levels
Secondary = Increased EPO levels
64
Q 
Polycythemia Vera
Definition
Mutation 
Age
Primary finding
A

Increase in RBC mass independent of EPO
JAK2 mutation
Elderly
Intense pruritis

65
Q

Essential thrombocytosis
Cell type proliferating
Platelet count
Main mutation

A

Megakarocytes
>600,000
JAK2

66
Q

Myelofibrosis
Mutation
Two characteristic cells
One WBC increase

A

JAK2
Leukoerythroblastosis and teardrop cells
Increased basophils

67
Q

Langerhans cell histiocytosis
Specific granules
2 antigens

A

Birbeck granules

S-100 and CD1a antigens

68
Q

Multifocal multisystem LCH
Where are lesions
Age
If untreated

A

Lesions of trunk and scalp

Before age 2

69
Q

Unifocal and multifocal unisystem LCH
Three common bone lesions
Age
Complication

A

Skull, ribs, femur
Kids
Diabetes insipidus

70
Q

Pulmonary LCH

Common patient type

A

Adult smokers

71
Q

Splenic insufficiency concern

A

Increased chance of sepsis from encapsulated bacteria

72
Q

What is hypersplenism?

A

Spleen overworks in removing blood cells and results in penias

73
Q

Causes of congestive splenomegaly? 3

A

Central venous congestion
CIrrhosis of liver
Portal vein thrombosis

74
Q

Hypoplasia or aplasia of spleen more common

A

Hypoplasia

75
Q

What is common splenic congenital abnormality

A

Acessory spleen

76
Q

DiGeorge syndrome
Path
Mechanism
Symptoms

A 
Thymic hypoplasia/aplasia
22q11
Catch-22
Cardiac abnormality
Abnormal facies
THymic aplasia
Cleft palate
Hypocalcemia
Hypoparathyroidism
77
Q

Thymic hyperplasia seen in who?

A

Myasthenia gravis

78
Q

Thymoma
Definition
Associated with what disease
Causes what RBC disorder

A

Thymic tumor
Myasthenia gravis
Pure red cell aplasia

Pathology (36 decks)

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