Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

zFoM by me > Neoplasia 1-5 🗸 > Flashcards

Neoplasia 1-5 🗸 Flashcards

1
Q

Cancer

A

uncontrolled cell proliferation and growth that can invade other tissues

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Tumour

A

swelling, can be benign or malignant (possibly inflammation or a foreign body)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

neoplasia

A

new growth that is not in response to a stimulus
can be benign, premalignant or malignant
can occur in any cell in any organ

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Malignancy

A

in the epithelium, malignancy goes beyond the basal membrane -invasion
it gains access to the blood or lymph vessels and can travel

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

is malignancy binary?

A

no, there are some precursor stages (dysplasia, metaplasia)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

metastatic potential

A

malignancy that can spread to other sites (metastases)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Dysplasia

A

abnormal cells growing without a stimulus
no invasion
often graded (higher grade = higher risk of malignancy)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Carcinoma in-situ CIS

A

dysplasia affecting the whole of epithelium
last stage before malignant

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Metaplasia

A

reversible change from one mature cell type to another mature cell type due to a change in the demand placed on the tissue

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

common cause of metaplasia

A

noxious stimulus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

two examples of metaplasia

A

thermal/chemical injury (ie smoking) to bronchial epithelium in the lung = squamous epithelium
catheter creates inflammation of the bladder = transitional epithelium changes to squamous

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

metaplastic tissue risk?

A

higher risk of developing cancer

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

what do metaplastic tissues look like

A

they dont change appearance, they change signals to the stem cells causing differentiation down a different line

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Double hit hypothesis

A

one working gene is enough and one faulty gene puts a person at increased risk
two faulty mutated genes will result in functional problem

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

two types of chemical carcinogens

A

initiators and promoters

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

initiators

A

long lasting genetic damage, not sufficient to cause cancer, must be followed by a promter

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

promoters

A

require initiators to have caused damage time period can vary after initiation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

smoking

A

> 40 carcinogens (ie polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons)
can be present in animal fat, smoked meat and fish
causes lung, head, neck and cervical cancers

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Aflatoxin (fungus on peanuts)

A

associated with p35 mutations
common in china
liver cancers
(note that most liver cancers in the west wont have p35 abnormality until later stages

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

beta-naphthylamine (chemical dyes)

A

conjugated in the liver with glucuronic acid, not too toxic for too long
causes bladder cancers

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Nitrosamines

A

food preservatives

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Arsenic

A

skin cancer

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Weinbergs 5 hallmarks of cancer

A

resisting apoptosis
sustained proliferation signalling
evading growth supressors
activation invasion and metastases
inducing angiogenesis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Non-chemical carcinogens

A

Radiation
Viruses
Chronic Inflammation
Obseity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

Radiation

A

Causes formation of pyrimidine dimers in the DNA
Nucleotide excision repair is eventually overwhelmed
Xeroderma pigmentosa
can be cause by CT scanners

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

Xeroderma pigmentosa

A

genetic defect in the NER, suffer from numerous skin cancers

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

Two carcinogenic viruses

A

HPV
EBV

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

HPV

A

Produces E6 and E7
E6 increases destruction of p53
E7 prevents Rb protein from acting - E2F can promote transcription

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

EBV

A

glandular fever
responsible for a subset of malignancies including:
Burkitt lymphoma
B-cell lymphoma
Hodgkin lymphoma
Nasopharyngeal carcinoma

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

Chronic Inflammation

A

Constant lymphocyte reproduction may lead to errors in production which leads to lymphomas
tissues replicates to often causing it to be unstable leads to tumours
Schistosomiasis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

schistosomiasis

A

squamous cell tumours caused by chronic inflammatory response to parasite

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

Obesity

A

hyperplastic tissue
cholesterol is analogue to oestrogen which leads to renal cell carcinoma

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

Oncogenes

A

turn up genes that promote growth

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

six examples/types of oncogene

A

RAS
BRAF
C-KIT
Myc
P13K
Wnt/APC/beta catenin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

RAS

A

linked with many cancers including colon and lung cancer

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

BRAF

A

50% of melanomas

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

C-KIT

A

GI and stomach cancers

38
Q

Myc

A

nuclear transcription factor that promotes growth
common in lymphoma, neuroblastoma, small cell carcinoma of the lung

39
Q

P13K

A

Most commonly mutated kinase in cancer
Limited success in trails, targeted at haematologiccal malignancies

40
Q

Wnt/APC/beta catenin

A

One of the earliest mutations in colorectal cancer
can occur as a germline mutation causing inherited condition (familial adenomatous polyposis, Gardner’s syndrome)

41
Q

Tumour suppressors

A

stop growth
cells with malignant ambitions must remove them to survive and proliferate
lots of proteins inhibit the cell cycle e.g. p53 and VHL

42
Q

6 hallmarks of malignancy

A

unlimited replicative potential
avoid apoptosis
angiogenesis
repair
evasion of the immune system
MMPs

43
Q

unlimited replicative potential

A

in malignancy there is often a mutation that reactivates telomerase (renews length of telomeres)

44
Q

avoids apoptosis

A

Bcl-2 binds to Bax/Bak to stop holes being punched in mitochondria

45
Q

angiogenesis

A

formation of new, abnormal blood vessels
‘successful’ cancers must create their own blood supplies to supply oxygen for growth
VEGF is frequently upregulated in some malignancies (useful target in treatment)

46
Q

Repair

A

three types
nucleotide excision repair
BRCA
Mismatch repair protiens

47
Q

nucleotide excision repair (NER)

A

can be damaged by radiation

48
Q

BRCA

A

associated with breast, ovarian and pancreatic tumours
have a complex role in ER and AR regulation
DNA repair and cell cycle arrest at G1/S phase

49
Q

Mismatch repair proteins

A

family of proteins responsible for identifying faults in the code
lynch syndrome
we can also find faulty protein expression

50
Q

lynch syndrome

A

mutation in mismatch repair proteins associated with colorectal carcinomas

51
Q

how do we find faulty protein expression?

A

using immunohistochemistry - looking for the frequency of mismatched segments by analysing microsatellites

52
Q

evasion of the immune system

A

malignant cells may express foreign proteins or expose proteins to the immune system that aren’t normally exposed
patients with cancers with a pronounced inflammatory response have a better prognosis
PD-L1 also helps to evade

53
Q

PD-L1

A

inhibits T cell proliferation
tumours can over express this and avoid the immune system

54
Q

MMPs

A

malignant cells increase expression od matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs)
means that cells can chew their way though surrounding tissues and blood vessels

55
Q

subclones

A

cancer is not clonal - there is a single parent but they are not identical
new mutations each division

56
Q

can all clones be eliminated the same way?

A

no, chemo and targeted therapies may not work against all clones, some may even have survival advantage

57
Q

five features of a benign tumour

A

macro (round)
symmetrical, organised
homogenous - cut surface is uniform
encapsulated - means legion is lowly growing, usually benign
normal N:C (nucleus : cytoplasm) ratio

58
Q

features of malignant tumours

A

look unnatural, nasty
irregular
infiltrative and destructive
heterogenous
N:C ratio increased
pleomorphism
hyperchromatia

59
Q

heterogenous

A

as a tumour progresses it begins to consist of more diverse cells (may denote haemorrhage or necrosis)

60
Q

pleomorphism

A

cells grow in multiple shapes and sizes

61
Q

hyperchromatia

A

darkly stained nuclei, usually due to increased DNA content

62
Q

13 classifications of tumours

A

epithelium (glandular or squamous)
bladder
mesenchyme (connective tissue)
fat
bone
cartilage
skeletal muscle
smooth muscle
nerves
blood vessels
CNS
melanocytic
blood

63
Q

glandular epithelium

A

carcinoma
benign- adenoma
malignant- adenocarcinoma

64
Q

squamous epithelium

A

carcinoma
benign- papilloma
malignant- SCC

65
Q

Bladder

A

transitional cell carcinoma (TCC)

66
Q

mesenchyme (connective tissues

A

malignant- sarcomas

67
Q

fat

A

benign- lipoma
malignant- liposarcoma

68
Q

Bone

A

benign- osteoma
malignant- osteosarcoma

69
Q

cartilage

A

benign- enchondroma
malignant- enchondrosarcoma

70
Q

skeletal muscle

A

benign- rhabdomyoma
malignant- rhabdomyosarcoma

71
Q

smooth muscle

A

benign- leiomyoma
malignant- leiomyosarcoma

72
Q

nerves

A

benign- neurofibroma, schwannoma
malignant- malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumour

73
Q

blood vessels

A

benign- haemomagnioma
malignant- angiosarcoma, kaposi’s sarcoma

74
Q

CNS

A

gliomas, range from being benign to malignant tumours

75
Q

Melanocytic

A

freckle- ephelis
mole- naevus
malignant- melanoma

76
Q

blood

A

all malignant, already systemic
leukaemia’s, lymphomas

77
Q

cytogenetics

A

large changes, look at chromosomes (FISH)

78
Q

molecular genetics

A

small changes, e.g. oncogenes

79
Q

stage of a tumour

A

how far tumour has spread
well differentiated and grown slowly but present for ages = high stage
aggressive, rapidly growing caught early on = low stage

80
Q

grade

A

how bad it is; the degree of cytological atypia (differentiation)
well differentiated = low grade (look normal)
poorly differentiated = high grade (don’t know original cell anymore)

81
Q

mass effect

A

compression of adjacent structures (blood vessels, airways, bile ducts)
anatomically dependant e.g. any mass effect in brain is bad
can result in loss of function of an organ

82
Q

energy consumption of tumours

A

very metabolically active so need lots of energy
can also lead to increased metabolism (mainly through TNF) which also increases weight loss

83
Q

infiltration

A

direct invasion of other structures e.g. other organs, the brain

84
Q

what happens when the nerves are infiltrated?

A

loss of function
motor- swallowing, diaphragm
sensory- pain or loss of sensation
autonomic functions

85
Q

what happens if blood vessels are infiltrated?

A

haemorrhage

86
Q

what happens if bone marrow is infiltrated?

A

cancer cells use up vitamins e.g. folate which are used by bone marrow to produce blood vessels

87
Q

Paraneoplastic syndromes

A

tumour produces hormones which cause electrolyte disturbances

88
Q

examples of paraneoplastic syndromes

A

osteoarthropathy - big fingers
unusual neurological symptoms
skin rash
fever - pyrogens (pyrexia of unknown origin- lots of causes but could be cancer)

89
Q

immunosuppression

A

tumours express proteins that are normally not expressed, this can stimulate an immune response (if the response is strong, there’s usually a good prognosis)
many tumours have developed mechanisms to evade the immune system
cancer patients are at risk of infection and will often get unusual reactions

90
Q

metastases

A

the development of secondary malignant growths at a distance from the primary site
loss of function (liver, lung)
can cause pathological fractures in bone

91
Q
A

zFoM by me (37 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions