Introduction to the MSK system 🗸 Flashcards
What are the two ‘sections’ of the skeleton?
The axial skeleton and the appendicular skeleton
axial skeleton
the skeleton of the skull, neck and trunk (ribs, spine etc.)
appendicular skeleton
the bones of the pectoral and pelvic girdles, the bones of the limbs
Upper arm bone
humerus
lower arm bones
ulna (medial) and radius (lateral)
General bones of the hand
carpals, metacarpals, phalanges
Upper leg bone
femur
lower leg bones
tibia (medial) and fibula (lateral)
General foot bones
tarsal bones, metatarsals, phalanges
What is a bony feature?
a functional hole, bump or groove which develops during bone growth
What is a foramen?
when an adjacent structure develops at the same time as bone and the bone grows around it
Tuberosity
the rough area of bone where muscle attaches to the
What is bone?
hard connective tissue
What is cartilage?
less rigid than bine and located at articulations
What are the three types of joint?
synovial, cartilaginous and fibrous
Synovial joint
most common, most mobile and so least stable
Cartilaginous joint
decently stable, kinda mobile
fibrous joint
Most stable so least mobile
Joints have _______ sensory nerve supply
excellent
Skeletal muscle
the muscle on the bone, two points of contact, the origin (proximal) and insertion opposite it
Muscle fibres ______ during contraction
shorten, the origin and insertion are moved closer together
tendon
attach muscle to bone
Aponeurosis
flattened tendon
commonly associated with flat muscles
attach muscle to soft tissue
Where are the biceps brachii?
upper arm muscles!!
Where is the origin of the bicep brachii?
Long head - coracoid process of the scapula
Short Head - supraglenoid tubercle of the scapula
where is the insertion of the bicep brachii?
tuberosity of radius
What innervates the muscle?
axillary nerve
anterior fibres of the bicep brachii
flexion and medial rotation of the shoulder
Posterior fibres of bicep brachii
extension and lateral rotation of the shoulder
middle fibres of the bicep brachii
major abductor of the arm (moving it away from the median plane)
What is a clinical examination of the muscles?
reflexed -theyre protective and automatic
What do you test when testing reflexes
the muscle and nerve supplying it
what are the main skeletal muscle reflexes
stretch and flexion withdrawal
Stretch reflex
nerve detects stretch and tells spinal cord
motor nerve sends message to contract
neuromuscular junction (motor nerve tells muscle here)
deep tendon reflex
biceps, triceps, knee and ankle jerk reflexes
flexion withdrawal reflex
when you touch something potentially dangerous and theres a sudden flexion to withdraw
Muscle strain
overstretched, torn or twisted muscle
paralysis
a muscle without functioning motor nerve supple, cant contract. Muscle will have reduced tone
Spasticity
muscle has intact and working motor nerve but controls from the brain arent working
atrophy
the wasting of muscles through inactivity. myocytes become smaller
hypertrophy
individual myocytes enlargen
