Neck structures and muscles

Question 1

What are the foramina of the atlas in the horse?

Answer 1

lateral, alar, and transverse foramen

Question 2

What courses through the transverse foramina?

Answer 2

vertebral vessels and nerves

Question 3

What is the course of the vertebral artery through the cervical vertebrae?

Answer 3

The vertebral artery courses through the alar foramen and then through the lateral vertebral foramen prior to entering the vertebral canal

Question 4

What is the course of the first cervical spinal nerve through the cervical vertebrae?

Answer 4

The first cervical spinal nerve courses from the vertebral canal through the lateral vertebral foramen, then divides into dorsal and ventral branches

Question 5

What does the ventral branch of the first cervical spinal nerve pass through?

Answer 5

the alar foramen

Question 6

In what species does the alar foramen perforate entirely through?

Answer 6

the ruminant

Question 7

What is the fovea dentis?

Answer 7

a structure located on the dorsal surface of the ventral arch on the atlas that articulates with the dens of the axis

Question 8

What does the cranial articular surface of the atlas articulate with?

Answer 8

the occipital condyles of the skull

Question 9

What does the caudal articular surface of the atlas articulate with?

Answer 9

the axis

Question 10

What are the parts of the transverse process of the cervical vertebrae?

Answer 10

ventral and dorsal tubercle

Question 11

What goes through the transverse canal in the cervical vertebrae?

Answer 11

vertebral artery, vein, and nerve

Question 12

What type of fibers does the vertebral nerve have and what ganglion does it come from?

Answer 12

sympathetic post-ganglionic from the cervical-thoracic ganglion

Question 13

What cervical vertebrae does transverse canal course through in the ruminant?

Answer 13

C2-C6

Question 14

What cervical vertebrae does transverse canal course through in the horse?

Answer 14

C1-C6

Question 15

What is special about C6 in the horse and ruminant?

Answer 15

it is block-like and the ventral tubercle of the transverse process is more extensive than that in the previous vertebrae

Question 16

What is C7 known as?

Answer 16

the transitional vertebrae

Question 17

What large animal species have a nuchal ligament?

Answer 17

horse and ruminants

Question 18

What are the parts of the nuchal ligament?

Answer 18

the funicular and laminar part

Question 19

What is the funicular part of the nuchal ligament?

Answer 19

the top, thick, most dorsal

Question 20

What is the laminar part of the nuchal ligament?

Answer 20

it fans ventrolaterally from the funicular part and connects with the cervical vertebra

Question 21

What is the function of the nuchal ligament?

Answer 21

to hold up the head

Question 22

Where does the nuchal ligament terminate?

Answer 22

on the occipital bone

Question 23

What structures are located inside the nuchal ligament?

Answer 23

bursa

Question 24

What are the names of the bursae in the nuchal ligament?

Answer 24

supraspinous, cranial nuchal, caudal nuchal

Question 25

Where is the supraspinous bursa located?

Answer 25

it is the most caudal and signifies the transition between the nuchal ligament and the supraspinous ligament

Question 26

Which bursa are present at birth and which develop post natally?

Answer 26

the supraspinous bursa is present at birth and the cranial and caudal bursa develop post natally

Question 27

What are the neck muscles of the horse (5)?

Answer 27

cleidomastoideus, sternomandibularis, stylothyroideus, stylohyoideus, omohyoideus

Question 28

What are the neck muscles of the ruminant (7)?

Answer 28

cleidomastoideus, cleidooccipitalis, sternomastoideus, sternomandibularis (sternozygomaticus in the goat, not present in the sheep), stylothyroideus, stylohyoideus, omohyoideus

Question 29

What muscles does the goat have that other ruminants do not?

Answer 29

sternozygomaticus

Question 30

What is the insertion of the sternohyoideus and where is it located in respect to the sternothyroideus?

Answer 30

onto the basihyoid; medially located

Question 31

What is the insertion of the sternothyroideus and where is it located in respect to the sternohyoideus?

Answer 31

onto the thyroid cartilage: laterally located

Question 32

What is the function of the sternohyoideus and sternothyroideus?

Answer 32

they are important in swallowing and laryngeal movement

Question 33

What is the origin of the omohyoideus in the ruminant?

Answer 33

from the fascia over C3 and C4

Question 34

What is the insertion of the omohyoideus?

Answer 34

basihyoid

Question 35

What is the dorsal jugular furrow landmark in the horse?

Answer 35

cleidomastoideus

Question 36

What is the ventral jugular furrow landmark in the horse?

Answer 36

sternomandibularis

Question 37

What is the deep jugular furrow landmark in the horse?

Answer 37

omohyoideus

Question 38

What is the dorsal jugular furrow landmark in the ruminant?

Answer 38

cleidomastoideus

Question 39

What is the deep jugular furrow landmark in the ruminant?

Answer 39

sternomastoideus

Question 40

What is the ventral jugular furrow landmark in the ox?

Answer 40

sternomandibularis

Question 41

What is the ventral jugular furrow landmark in the goat?

Answer 41

sternozygomaticus

Question 42

What structures are located medial to the jugular furrow?

Answer 42

vagosympathetic trunk, recurrent laryngeal nerve, and common carotid

Question 43

What are the parts of the thymus in the ox and pig?

Answer 43

thoracic, cervical, and cranial

Question 44

What are the parts of the thymus in the horse?

Answer 44

thoracic and cervical