Nasal cavity and Paranasal Sinuses

Question 1

What is the nasal diverticulum?

Answer 1

a false nostril; pouch

Question 2

Where is the nasal diverticulum located?

Answer 2

dorsal to the lamina or alar cartilage

Question 3

What species is the nasal diverticulum in?

Answer 3

the horse

Question 4

Where is the nasolacrimal duct located in the horse?

Answer 4

within the nostril

Question 5

At rest, what is the shape of the nostril in the horse?

Answer 5

comma shaped

Question 6

During activity, what is the shape of the nostril in the horse?

Answer 6

huge and circular shaped

Question 7

What are the meatuses in the nasal cavity?

Answer 7

dorsal, middle, ventral, common, and ethmoid

Question 8

What are the nasal chonchae in the nasal cavity?

Answer 8

dorsal, ventral, ethmoidal

Question 9

What is the ethmoidal conchae also known as?

Answer 9

turbinates

Question 10

What is the organization of the bone in the skull?

Answer 10

inner trabecular bone with an external cortical bone (laminal layer) and internal cortical bone (laminal layer)

Question 11

What does the trabecular bone contain?

Answer 11

bone marrow

Question 12

What is the trabecular bone also known as?

Answer 12

the dipole

Question 13

What part of the bone of the skull becomes the paranasal sinus?

Answer 13

the dipole part

Question 14

What is a direct paranasal connection?

Answer 14

paranasal sinus is connected to the middle meatus via the nasal maxillary aperture

Question 15

What is an indirect paranasal connection?

Answer 15

paranasal sinus is connected to another paranasal sinus and that paranasal sinus is connected to the middle meatus

Question 16

What should a normal healthy paranasal sinus be filled with?

Answer 16

air

Question 17

What is the difference between the frontal sinus in the horse and every other species?

Answer 17

it is undivided, whereas it is divided in everything else

Question 18

What is the frontal sinus connected to in everything but the horse?

Answer 18

the ethmoid meatus

Question 19

What is the difference between the maxillary sinus in the horse and every other species?

Answer 19

it is divided in the horse, whereas it is undivided in all other species

Question 20

What is the maxillary sinus connected to in all species?

Answer 20

the middle meatus

Question 21

What are the divisions of the frontal sinus in the ox?

Answer 21

rotstral frontal sinus and caudal frontal sinus

Question 22

Which division of the frontal sinus in the cattle is the most clinically relevant and the largest?

Answer 22

the caudal frontal sinus

Question 23

What are the divisions of the rostral frontal sinus?

Answer 23

lateral rostral frontal, medial rostral frontal, and intermediate rostral frontal

Question 24

How do the rostral frontal sinus divisions of the ox connect to the ethmoid meatus?

Answer 24

via their own connection

Question 25

What are the diverticula associated with the caudal frontal sinus?

Answer 25

cornual, nuchal, and post orbital

Question 26

If an ox has horns, when does the cornual diverticula penetrate the cornual process?

Answer 26

between 4-6 months of age

Question 27

Where is the nucal diverticula of the caudal frontal sinus in the ox located?

Answer 27

it extends out of the frontal bone into the occipital bone

Question 28

Where is the post orbital diverticula of the caudal frontal sinus of the ox located?

Answer 28

right behind the eye

Question 29

What does the maxillary sinus of the ox communicate with?

Answer 29

the middle nasal meatus

Question 30

What is the thin projection of bone located on the caudal end of the maxillary sinus called?

Answer 30

the lacrimal bulla; thicker in small ruminants

Question 31

What are the divisions of the frontal sinus in the small ruminant?

Answer 31

lateral and medial

Question 32

If a small ruminant has horns, which division of the frontal sinus will it be associated with?

Answer 32

the lateral frontal sinus

Question 33

Which division of the frontal sinus is the largest in the small ruminant?

Answer 33

the lateral frontal sinus

Question 34

What does the frontal sinus of the horse open up into?

Answer 34

the caudal maxillary sinus

Question 35

What is the frontal sinus of the horse connected to?

Answer 35

the dorsal conchal sinus

Question 36

What type of connection is the frontal sinus in the horse?

Answer 36

indirect

Question 37

What are the divisions of the maxillary sinus in the horse?

Answer 37

caudal and rostral

Question 38

What does the caudal maxillary sinus in the horse open into?

Answer 38

the middle nasal meatus

Question 39

What communicates with the caudal maxillary sinus of the horse?

Answer 39

sphenopalatine, frontal, and dorsal conchal

Question 40

What does the rostral maxillary sinus open into?

Answer 40

the middle nasal meatus

Question 41

True or False: The volume of the maxillary sinus of the horse changes

Answer 41

true

Question 42

How does the maxillary sinus of the horse change?

Answer 42

the alveolar bone on the bottom of the sinus reforms as the reserve crown begins to erupt making it bigger

Question 43

What are the regions of the pharynx?

Answer 43

nasopharynx, oropharynx, and laryngo pharynx

Question 44

What are the boundaries of the nasopharynx?

Answer 44

choane to the intrapharyngeal ostium

Question 45

What are the boundaries of the oropharynx?

Answer 45

palatoglossal arches to the base of the epiglottis

Question 46

What are the boundaries of the laryngopharynx?

Answer 46

base of the epiglottis to the cricoid cartilage

Question 47

What is the dorsal border of the intrapharyngeal ostium?

Answer 47

palatopharyngeal arch

Question 48

What is the ventral border of the intrapharyngeal ostium?

Answer 48

caudal border of the soft palate

Question 49

What are the rostral and caudal pharyngeal constrictors?

Answer 49

``` Pterygopharyngeus Palatopharyngeus Hyopharyngeus Thyropharyngeus Cricopharyngeus ```

Question 50

What is the contractor and dilator of the prppharynx?

Answer 50

stylopharyngeas caudalis

Question 51

What innervates the pharyngeal muscles?

Answer 51

the vagus and accessory nerve

Question 52

What are the types of tonsils?

Answer 52

lingual, palatine, soft palate, pharyngeal, and tubal

Question 53

What tonsil does the pig not have?

Answer 53

the palatine tonsil