Larynx and Guttural Pouch

Question 1

What are the laryngeal cartilages?

Answer 1

epiglottis, thyroid, arytenoid, cricoid

Question 2

What is the rostral boundary of the larynx?

Answer 2

the epiglottis

Question 3

What is the ventral and lateral boundary of the larynx?

Answer 3

thyroid cartilage

Question 4

What is the dorsal boundary of the larynx?

Answer 4

arytenoid cartilage

Question 5

What is the only paired cartilage in the larynx?

Answer 5

the arytenoid cartilage

Question 6

Which laryngeal cartilage is a complete ring?

Answer 6

the cricoid cartilage

Question 7

What part of the cricoid cartilage is the largest?

Answer 7

the dorsal side

Question 8

What is located on the caudal aspect of the thyroid cartilage in the horse?

Answer 8

the caudal thyroid notch and the cricothyroid ligament

Question 9

What does the cricothyroid ligament connect?

Answer 9

they thyroid and cricoid cartilages

Question 10

Why is the cricothyroid ligament clinically relevant?

Answer 10

it is used to access the larynx during surgery

Question 11

Where is the cuneiform process in the horse?

Answer 11

it is at the base of the epiglottis on both sides

Question 12

What are the parts of the equine arytenoid cartilage?

Answer 12

corniculate process, muscular process, and vocal folds

Question 13

What are the non-cartilagenous structures of the larynx in the horse and pig?

Answer 13

vestibular fold, vocal fold, lateral laryngeal ventricle, median laryngeal ventricle

Question 14

Where is the lateral laryngeal ventricle located?

Answer 14

in between the vestibular and vocal folds

Question 15

Where is the median laryngeal ventricle located?

Answer 15

rostral ventral to the lateral laryngeal ventricle

Question 16

What are the non-cartilagenous structures of the larynx in the ruminant?

Answer 16

the vocal fold

Question 17

What are the laryngeal muscles?

Answer 17

cricoarytenoideus dorsalis, cricothyroideus, thyroarytenoideus

Question 18

What innervates the cricoarytenoideus dorsalis?

Answer 18

the caudal laryngeal nerve of the reccurent laryngeal of the vagus

Question 19

What does the cricoarytnoideus dorsalis do?

Answer 19

abducts the arytenoids and vocal cords, and opens the epiglottis

Question 20

What innervates the cricothyroideus?

Answer 20

the cranial laryngeal nerve of the vagus

Question 21

What innervates the thyroarytenoideus?

Answer 21

the caudal laryngeal nerve of the recurrent laryngeal of the vagus

Question 22

What innervates the pharyngeal constrictors?

Answer 22

the caudal laryngeal nerve of the recurrent laryngeal

Question 23

What are the bones of the hyoid apparatus in the horse?

Answer 23

basihyoid, thyrohyoid, certaohyoid, epihyoid, stylohyoid, tympanohyoid

Question 24

Which part of the hyoid apparatus is unpaired?

Answer 24

the basihyoid

Question 25

Which part of the hyoid apparatus has a lingual process?

Answer 25

the basihyoid

Question 26

What is the smallest part of the hyoid apparatus?

Answer 26

the epihyoid

Question 27

What does the epihyoid fuse with?

Answer 27

the stylohyoid

Question 28

What is the largest bone of the hyoid apparatus?

Answer 28

the stylohyoid

Question 29

What is the tympanohyoid made up of?

Answer 29

hyaline cartilage

Question 30

Where is the tympanohyoid located?

Answer 30

where the hyoid apparatus meets the skull

Question 31

What is the purpose of the hyoid apparatus?

Answer 31

to suspend the tongue and larynx from the skull and serve as an attachment for the muscles

Question 32

What is the guttural pouch?

Answer 32

paired diverticula (out pouching) of the auditory tubes

Question 33

What species is the guttural pouch in?

Answer 33

the horse

Question 34

What is the function of the guttural pouch?

Answer 34

not really known, blood cools here

Question 35

What is epistaxis?

Answer 35

a bloody nose

Question 36

Why is the guttural pouch associated with epistaxis?

Answer 36

because the internal carotid artery is within it and is often injured which leads to epistaxis

Question 37

Where is the guttural pouch located?

Answer 37

ventral to the skull and the wing of atlas, dorsolateral to the naso and laryngopharynx and retropharyngeal lymph nodes

Question 38

What is the opening to the guttural pouch?

Answer 38

the pharyngeal opening to the auditory tube

Question 39

What are the compartments of the guttural pouch?

Answer 39

lateral and medial compartments

Question 40

What are the compartments of the guttural pouch separated by?

Answer 40

the stylohyoid bone

Question 41

Which compartment of the guttural pouch is bigger?

Answer 41

the medial compartment

Question 42

What is the medial compartment dorsally divided by?

Answer 42

the insertion of the longus capitis

Question 43

What vessels are associated with the guttural pouch?

Answer 43

the internal carotid, external carotid, maxillary artery, and maxillary vein

Question 44

Where in the guttural pouch is the internal carotid artery located?

Answer 44

in the medial compartment

Question 45

Where in the guttural pouch is the external carotid artery located?

Answer 45

on the floor of the medial compartment and in the lateral compartment

Question 46

Where in the guttural pouch is the maxillary artery located?

Answer 46

lateral compartment

Question 47

Where in the guttural pouch is the maxillary vein located?

Answer 47

if present in the guttural pouch, it is located in the lateral compartment

Question 48

What nerves are associated with the medial compartment of the guttural pouch?

Answer 48

glossopharyngeal, vagus, accessory, and hypoglossal

Question 49

What nerve is associated with the medial/lateral junction of the guttural pouch?

Answer 49

the facial nerve

Question 50

What passes through or is near the guttural pouch (rarely)?

Answer 50

the sympathetic trunk and cranial cervical ganglion