Larynx and Guttural Pouch Flashcards
What are the laryngeal cartilages?
epiglottis, thyroid, arytenoid, cricoid
What is the rostral boundary of the larynx?
the epiglottis
What is the ventral and lateral boundary of the larynx?
thyroid cartilage
What is the dorsal boundary of the larynx?
arytenoid cartilage
What is the only paired cartilage in the larynx?
the arytenoid cartilage
Which laryngeal cartilage is a complete ring?
the cricoid cartilage
What part of the cricoid cartilage is the largest?
the dorsal side
What is located on the caudal aspect of the thyroid cartilage in the horse?
the caudal thyroid notch and the cricothyroid ligament
What does the cricothyroid ligament connect?
they thyroid and cricoid cartilages
Why is the cricothyroid ligament clinically relevant?
it is used to access the larynx during surgery
Where is the cuneiform process in the horse?
it is at the base of the epiglottis on both sides
What are the parts of the equine arytenoid cartilage?
corniculate process, muscular process, and vocal folds
What are the non-cartilagenous structures of the larynx in the horse and pig?
vestibular fold, vocal fold, lateral laryngeal ventricle, median laryngeal ventricle
Where is the lateral laryngeal ventricle located?
in between the vestibular and vocal folds
Where is the median laryngeal ventricle located?
rostral ventral to the lateral laryngeal ventricle
What are the non-cartilagenous structures of the larynx in the ruminant?
the vocal fold
What are the laryngeal muscles?
cricoarytenoideus dorsalis, cricothyroideus, thyroarytenoideus
What innervates the cricoarytenoideus dorsalis?
the caudal laryngeal nerve of the reccurent laryngeal of the vagus
What does the cricoarytnoideus dorsalis do?
abducts the arytenoids and vocal cords, and opens the epiglottis
What innervates the cricothyroideus?
the cranial laryngeal nerve of the vagus
What innervates the thyroarytenoideus?
the caudal laryngeal nerve of the recurrent laryngeal of the vagus
What innervates the pharyngeal constrictors?
the caudal laryngeal nerve of the recurrent laryngeal
What are the bones of the hyoid apparatus in the horse?
basihyoid, thyrohyoid, certaohyoid, epihyoid, stylohyoid, tympanohyoid
Which part of the hyoid apparatus is unpaired?
the basihyoid
Which part of the hyoid apparatus has a lingual process?
the basihyoid
What is the smallest part of the hyoid apparatus?
the epihyoid
What does the epihyoid fuse with?
the stylohyoid
What is the largest bone of the hyoid apparatus?
the stylohyoid
What is the tympanohyoid made up of?
hyaline cartilage
Where is the tympanohyoid located?
where the hyoid apparatus meets the skull
What is the purpose of the hyoid apparatus?
to suspend the tongue and larynx from the skull and serve as an attachment for the muscles
What is the guttural pouch?
paired diverticula (out pouching) of the auditory tubes
What species is the guttural pouch in?
the horse
What is the function of the guttural pouch?
not really known, blood cools here
What is epistaxis?
a bloody nose
Why is the guttural pouch associated with epistaxis?
because the internal carotid artery is within it and is often injured which leads to epistaxis
Where is the guttural pouch located?
ventral to the skull and the wing of atlas, dorsolateral to the naso and laryngopharynx and retropharyngeal lymph nodes
What is the opening to the guttural pouch?
the pharyngeal opening to the auditory tube
What are the compartments of the guttural pouch?
lateral and medial compartments
What are the compartments of the guttural pouch separated by?
the stylohyoid bone
Which compartment of the guttural pouch is bigger?
the medial compartment
What is the medial compartment dorsally divided by?
the insertion of the longus capitis
What vessels are associated with the guttural pouch?
the internal carotid, external carotid, maxillary artery, and maxillary vein
Where in the guttural pouch is the internal carotid artery located?
in the medial compartment
Where in the guttural pouch is the external carotid artery located?
on the floor of the medial compartment and in the lateral compartment
Where in the guttural pouch is the maxillary artery located?
lateral compartment
Where in the guttural pouch is the maxillary vein located?
if present in the guttural pouch, it is located in the lateral compartment
What nerves are associated with the medial compartment of the guttural pouch?
glossopharyngeal, vagus, accessory, and hypoglossal
What nerve is associated with the medial/lateral junction of the guttural pouch?
the facial nerve
What passes through or is near the guttural pouch (rarely)?
the sympathetic trunk and cranial cervical ganglion
