Blood Supply and Lymph Centers

Question 1

What are the branches of the common carotid artery in the horse?

Answer 1

occipital, internal carotid, and external carotid

Question 2

What does the internal carotid artery supply in the horse?

Answer 2

the brain

Question 3

What are the branches of the external carotid artery in the horse?

Answer 3

linguofacial trunk, caudal auricular, superficial temporal, maxillary

Question 4

What is the branch of the superficial temporal in the horse?

Answer 4

the transverse facial artery

Question 5

What are the branches of the linguofacial trunk in the horse?

Answer 5

lingual and facial artery

Question 6

What are the branches of the facial artery in the horse?

Answer 6

inferior labial, superior labial, lateral nasal, dorsal nasal

Question 7

What happens when the facial artery gives off the dorsal nasal artery?

Answer 7

it becomes the angularis oculi

Question 8

What are the branches of the maxillary artery in the horse?

Answer 8

inferior alveolar, infra orbital, and major palatine

Question 9

What does the infraorbital artery supply in the horse ?

Answer 9

the teeth of the upper arcade

Question 10

Where is the major palatine artery in the horse found?

Answer 10

on the lingual surface of the upper dental arcade

Question 11

What are the common carotid branches in the ox?

Answer 11

occipital, internal carotid, and external carotid

Question 12

What does the internal carotid artery do in the ox?

Answer 12

it degenerates

Question 13

What are the branches of the external carotid artery in the ox?

Answer 13

linguofacial branch, caudal auriclar, superficial temporal, and maxillary

Question 14

What are the branchs of the superficial temporal in the ox?

Answer 14

cornual artery and the transverse facial artery

Question 15

What are the branches of the facial artery in the ox?

Answer 15

inferior labial, superior labial, and lateral nasal

Question 16

After giving off the lateral nasal artery, what does the facial artery do in the ox?

Answer 16

it becomes the angularis oculi

Question 17

What are the branches of the maxillary artery in the ox?

Answer 17

inferior alveolar, major palatine, and infraorbital

Question 18

What is the course of the facial artery in the horse and ox?

Answer 18

it courses medial to the mandible until the rostral base of the masseter where it becomes superficial

Question 19

What are the branches of the common carotid artery in the small ruminant?

Answer 19

the external carotid artery and occipital- it has no internal carotid artery

Question 20

What are the branches of the external carotid artery in the small ruminant?

Answer 20

lingual, caudal auricular, superficial temporal, and maxillary

Question 21

What does the small ruminant have instead of the facial artery and what it is a branch of?

Answer 21

the transverse facial artery, a branch of the superficial temporal

Question 22

What are the venous sinuses of the horse?

Answer 22

transverse facial, deep facial, and buccal

Question 23

Where are the venous sinuses of the horse located?

Answer 23

deep to the masseter

Question 24

What deep facial sinuses of the horse are sandwiched in between the maxilla and masseter?

Answer 24

the transverse facial and deep facial

Question 25

What deep facial sinuses of the horse are sandwiched in between the mandible and the masseter?

Answer 25

the buccal

Question 26

Generally the facial arteries and veins have the same branches and routes, however the facial vein in the ox is different than the facial artery, why?

Answer 26

it has a dorsal nasal branch and then it becomes the angularis oculi whereas the arteries do not have the dorsal nasal branch and becomes the angularis oculi after it gives off the lateral nasal

Question 27

What does the opthalamic orbital venous sinus serve as in the pig?

Answer 27

a blood capture site

Question 28

What structure receives blood to supply the brain?

Answer 28

the arterial circle

Question 29

What supplies the arterial circle?

Answer 29

internal carotid artery, vertebral artery, ventral spinal artery and occipital artery

Question 30

If the animal does not have an internal carotid artery, what supplies the arterial circle?

Answer 30

the external carotid/maxillary

Question 31

What is the rete mirabile?

Answer 31

a large venous sinus that allows for blood to cool

Question 32

How is the rete mirabile formed?

Answer 32

the maxillary sends branches through the oval foramen and orbitorotundum, then keeps branching and branching, then they all come together to and send 1 vessel to the brain

Question 33

What is the vessel's name that the rete mirabile sends to the brain?

Answer 33

the intracranial portion of the internal carotid

Question 34

True or False: the internal jugular is only present in the horse

Answer 34

False: it is only present in the ox

Question 35

What is the venous drainage of the neck?

Answer 35

maxillary and linguofacial to external jugular, internal jugular (if present), vertebral, and deep cervical

Question 36

When bleeding in adult swine, what is the target?

Answer 36

the cranial vena cava

Question 37

Which way do you want to direct the needle when bleeding an adult swine?

Answer 37

at the peak of the left scapula from the right side

Question 38

Why is the right side preffered when bleeding in adult swine?

Answer 38

The left phrenic is more vulnerable on the left side The thoracic duct is emptying on the left side The thyroid gland is more caudal and is more on the left hand side

Question 39

What are the lymphocenters of the head and neck in the ruminant and the horse?

Answer 39

parotid lymphocenter, mandibular, retropharyngeal, superficial cervical, and deep cervical

Question 40

Where is the parotid lymphocenter located in the horse and the ruminant?

Answer 40

rostral to the parotid salivary gland

Question 41

Where is the mandibular lymphocenter located in the horse and the ruminant?

Answer 41

near the center of the mandible, more rostral in the horse

Question 42

Where is the lateral retropharyngeal lymph node located in the horse and the ruminant?

Answer 42

caudal to the parotid salivary gland

Question 43

Where is the medial retropharyngeal lymph node located in the horse and the ruminant?

Answer 43

medial to the parotid salivary gland

Question 44

Where are the first two regions of the deep cervical lymph center located in relation to the trachea?

Answer 44

dorsal

Question 45

Where is the ventral most region of the deep cervical lymph center located in relation to the trachea?

Answer 45

ventral and lateral

Question 46

Except in the pig, what structure facilitates the main lymph drainage in the head?

Answer 46

the tracheal duct

Question 47

Where is the origin of the tracheal duct in the dog and pig?

Answer 47

medial retropharyngeal lymph center

Question 48

Where is the origin of the tracheal duct in the ruminant?

Answer 48

the lateral pharyngeal lymph center

Question 49

Where is the origin of the tracheal duct in the horse?

Answer 49

the cranial deep cervical lymph center

Question 50

What facilitates the main lymph drainage in the pig?

Answer 50

the dorsal superficial cervical

Question 51

What are the lymph nodes in the pig?

Answer 51

mandibular, accessory mandibular, dorsal superficial cervical, middle superficial cervical, ventral superficial cervical, parotid, and lateral retropharyngeal

Question 52

Where is the accessory mandibular lymph node located in the pig?

Answer 52

Ventral to the linguofacial vein

Question 53

Where is the dorsal superficial cervical lymph node located in the pig?

Answer 53

Located in between the trapezius cervicis and the omotransversarius

Question 54

Where is the middle superficial cervical lymph node located in the pig?

Answer 54

Deep to the cleidocephalicus

Question 55

Where is the ventral superficial cervical lymph node located in the pig?

Answer 55

Ventral to the cleidocephalicus

Question 56

Where is the parotid lymph node located in the pig?

Answer 56

rostral to the parotid salivary gland

Question 57

Where is the lateral retropharyngeal lymph node located in the pig?

Answer 57

Caudal to the parotid salivary gland

Question 58

When doing nerve blocks, what nerves will you most likely need to block?

Answer 58

trigeminal (sensory) facial (motor

Question 59

If you were to do a nerve block to treat something related to the eye in the horse, what nerves would you block?

Answer 59

the supraorbital and auriculopalpebral

Question 60

How would you block the supraorbital nerve in the horse?

Answer 60

Go medial to the lateral canthus and palpate to the supraorbital foramen and poke

Question 61

How would you block the auriculopalpebral nerve in the horse and ox?

Answer 61

Go at the most dorsal point of the zygomatic arch and place the needle medial to it

Question 62

How would you block the cornual nerve in the ox?

Answer 62

Go ½ way between the lateral canthus to the base of the horn, then ventral to the temporal line, more rostral is better

Question 63

How would you perform a Peterson block?

Answer 63

Go to where the frontal and temporal processes of the zygomatic bone meet, then go medial and slightly rostral to avoid the coronoid processes of the mandible

Question 64

What does the Peterson block block?

Answer 64

Everything that comes out of the orbitorotundum: III, IV, VI, V1 and V2

Question 65

What innervates the dorsal lid of the bovine eye?

Answer 65

supraorbital of the opthalamic of the trigeminal

Question 66

What innervates the ventral lid of the bovine eye?

Answer 66

zygomatic branch of the maxillary of the trigeminal

Question 67

What innervates the medial canthus of the bovine eye?

Answer 67

infratrochlear branch of the opthalamic of the trigeminal

Question 68

What innervates the lateral canthus of the bovine eye?

Answer 68

lacrimal branch of the opthalamic of the trigeminal

Question 69

What is the torus linguae and what species is it in?

Answer 69

it is a mound or elevation of the tongue

Question 70

What is the fossa linguae?

Answer 70

a depression at the rostral aspect of the torus linguae

Question 71

What is the big difference in salivary glands across large animal species?

Answer 71

the horse does not have a monostomatic sublingual salivary gland