Blood Supply and Lymph Centers Flashcards
What are the branches of the common carotid artery in the horse?
occipital, internal carotid, and external carotid
What does the internal carotid artery supply in the horse?
the brain
What are the branches of the external carotid artery in the horse?
linguofacial trunk, caudal auricular, superficial temporal, maxillary
What is the branch of the superficial temporal in the horse?
the transverse facial artery
What are the branches of the linguofacial trunk in the horse?
lingual and facial artery
What are the branches of the facial artery in the horse?
inferior labial, superior labial, lateral nasal, dorsal nasal
What happens when the facial artery gives off the dorsal nasal artery?
it becomes the angularis oculi
What are the branches of the maxillary artery in the horse?
inferior alveolar, infra orbital, and major palatine
What does the infraorbital artery supply in the horse ?
the teeth of the upper arcade
Where is the major palatine artery in the horse found?
on the lingual surface of the upper dental arcade
What are the common carotid branches in the ox?
occipital, internal carotid, and external carotid
What does the internal carotid artery do in the ox?
it degenerates
What are the branches of the external carotid artery in the ox?
linguofacial branch, caudal auriclar, superficial temporal, and maxillary
What are the branchs of the superficial temporal in the ox?
cornual artery and the transverse facial artery
What are the branches of the facial artery in the ox?
inferior labial, superior labial, and lateral nasal
After giving off the lateral nasal artery, what does the facial artery do in the ox?
it becomes the angularis oculi
What are the branches of the maxillary artery in the ox?
inferior alveolar, major palatine, and infraorbital
What is the course of the facial artery in the horse and ox?
it courses medial to the mandible until the rostral base of the masseter where it becomes superficial
What are the branches of the common carotid artery in the small ruminant?
the external carotid artery and occipital- it has no internal carotid artery
What are the branches of the external carotid artery in the small ruminant?
lingual, caudal auricular, superficial temporal, and maxillary
What does the small ruminant have instead of the facial artery and what it is a branch of?
the transverse facial artery, a branch of the superficial temporal
What are the venous sinuses of the horse?
transverse facial, deep facial, and buccal
Where are the venous sinuses of the horse located?
deep to the masseter
What deep facial sinuses of the horse are sandwiched in between the maxilla and masseter?
the transverse facial and deep facial
What deep facial sinuses of the horse are sandwiched in between the mandible and the masseter?
the buccal
Generally the facial arteries and veins have the same branches and routes, however the facial vein in the ox is different than the facial artery, why?
it has a dorsal nasal branch and then it becomes the angularis oculi whereas the arteries do not have the dorsal nasal branch and becomes the angularis oculi after it gives off the lateral nasal
What does the opthalamic orbital venous sinus serve as in the pig?
a blood capture site
What structure receives blood to supply the brain?
the arterial circle
What supplies the arterial circle?
internal carotid artery, vertebral artery, ventral spinal artery and occipital artery
If the animal does not have an internal carotid artery, what supplies the arterial circle?
the external carotid/maxillary
What is the rete mirabile?
a large venous sinus that allows for blood to cool
How is the rete mirabile formed?
the maxillary sends branches through the oval foramen and orbitorotundum, then keeps branching and branching, then they all come together to and send 1 vessel to the brain
What is the vessel’s name that the rete mirabile sends to the brain?
the intracranial portion of the internal carotid
True or False: the internal jugular is only present in the horse
False: it is only present in the ox
What is the venous drainage of the neck?
maxillary and linguofacial to external jugular, internal jugular (if present), vertebral, and deep cervical
When bleeding in adult swine, what is the target?
the cranial vena cava
Which way do you want to direct the needle when bleeding an adult swine?
at the peak of the left scapula from the right side
Why is the right side preffered when bleeding in adult swine?
The left phrenic is more vulnerable on the left side The thoracic duct is emptying on the left side The thyroid gland is more caudal and is more on the left hand side
What are the lymphocenters of the head and neck in the ruminant and the horse?
parotid lymphocenter, mandibular, retropharyngeal, superficial cervical, and deep cervical
Where is the parotid lymphocenter located in the horse and the ruminant?
rostral to the parotid salivary gland
Where is the mandibular lymphocenter located in the horse and the ruminant?
near the center of the mandible, more rostral in the horse
Where is the lateral retropharyngeal lymph node located in the horse and the ruminant?
caudal to the parotid salivary gland
Where is the medial retropharyngeal lymph node located in the horse and the ruminant?
medial to the parotid salivary gland
Where are the first two regions of the deep cervical lymph center located in relation to the trachea?
dorsal
Where is the ventral most region of the deep cervical lymph center located in relation to the trachea?
ventral and lateral
Except in the pig, what structure facilitates the main lymph drainage in the head?
the tracheal duct
Where is the origin of the tracheal duct in the dog and pig?
medial retropharyngeal lymph center
Where is the origin of the tracheal duct in the ruminant?
the lateral pharyngeal lymph center
Where is the origin of the tracheal duct in the horse?
the cranial deep cervical lymph center
What facilitates the main lymph drainage in the pig?
the dorsal superficial cervical
What are the lymph nodes in the pig?
mandibular, accessory mandibular, dorsal superficial cervical, middle superficial cervical, ventral superficial cervical, parotid, and lateral retropharyngeal
Where is the accessory mandibular lymph node located in the pig?
Ventral to the linguofacial vein
Where is the dorsal superficial cervical lymph node located in the pig?
Located in between the trapezius cervicis and the omotransversarius
Where is the middle superficial cervical lymph node located in the pig?
Deep to the cleidocephalicus
Where is the ventral superficial cervical lymph node located in the pig?
Ventral to the cleidocephalicus
Where is the parotid lymph node located in the pig?
rostral to the parotid salivary gland
Where is the lateral retropharyngeal lymph node located in the pig?
Caudal to the parotid salivary gland
When doing nerve blocks, what nerves will you most likely need to block?
trigeminal (sensory) facial (motor
If you were to do a nerve block to treat something related to the eye in the horse, what nerves would you block?
the supraorbital and auriculopalpebral
How would you block the supraorbital nerve in the horse?
Go medial to the lateral canthus and palpate to the supraorbital foramen and poke
How would you block the auriculopalpebral nerve in the horse and ox?
Go at the most dorsal point of the zygomatic arch and place the needle medial to it
How would you block the cornual nerve in the ox?
Go ½ way between the lateral canthus to the base of the horn, then ventral to the temporal line, more rostral is better
How would you perform a Peterson block?
Go to where the frontal and temporal processes of the zygomatic bone meet, then go medial and slightly rostral to avoid the coronoid processes of the mandible
What does the Peterson block block?
Everything that comes out of the orbitorotundum: III, IV, VI, V1 and V2
What innervates the dorsal lid of the bovine eye?
supraorbital of the opthalamic of the trigeminal
What innervates the ventral lid of the bovine eye?
zygomatic branch of the maxillary of the trigeminal
What innervates the medial canthus of the bovine eye?
infratrochlear branch of the opthalamic of the trigeminal
What innervates the lateral canthus of the bovine eye?
lacrimal branch of the opthalamic of the trigeminal
What is the torus linguae and what species is it in?
it is a mound or elevation of the tongue
What is the fossa linguae?
a depression at the rostral aspect of the torus linguae
What is the big difference in salivary glands across large animal species?
the horse does not have a monostomatic sublingual salivary gland
