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Anatomy - Large Animal > Male Reproduction > Flashcards

Male Reproduction Flashcards

1
Q

What is the shape of the testis?

A

ovoid

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2
Q

What is located in the mediastinum testis?

A

rete testis and septa

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3
Q

What is the function of the tunica albuginea?

A

it holds in high testicular pressure

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4
Q

What are the parts of the lubular part of the testis?

A

seminiferous tubules and straight tubules

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5
Q

What are the rete testis?

A

a web-like network of interconnecting channels that straigh seminiferous tubules dump into

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6
Q

What are the efferent ductules?

A

8-15 channels leading into the head of epidydimis - unite to form the epididymal duct

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7
Q

What occurs in the seminiferous tubules?

A

germ cells differentiate into spermatozoa

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8
Q

What occurs in the convoluted seminiferous tubules?

A

sperm production

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9
Q

What is the length of the epididymis of the ox and the small ruminant?

A

approximately 50 m

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10
Q

What is the length of the epididymis of the stallion?

A

approximately 70 m

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11
Q

What are the parts of the epididymis?

A

the head, body, and tail

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12
Q

What ligaments are associated with the tail of the epididymis?

A

proper ligament of the testis and the ligament of the tail of the epididymis

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13
Q

What is the mesepididymis?

A

an extension of the mesorchim that attaches the body of the epididymis to the testis

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14
Q

Where is the mesorchium located?

A

in between the cremaster muscle and ductus deferens

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15
Q

What does the proper ligament of the testis connect?

A

the testicle and the epididymis

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16
Q

What are the remnants of the fetal gubernaculum?

A

proper ligament of the testis and the ligament of the tail of the epididymis

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17
Q

What is the testicular bursa?

A

the space between the epididymis and the testicle

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18
Q

What is the function of the testicle?

A

sperm storage and maturation

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19
Q

What is the path that sperm follow to leave the body?

A

convulted seminiferous tubules to straight seminiferous tubules to rete testes to efferent ductules to epidiymal duct to ductus deferens to pelvic urethra

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20
Q

What is the function of the ductus deferens?

A

carrie sperm from the tail of the epididymis to the urethra

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21
Q

During development, where does the scrotum start?

A

ventral to the anus

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22
Q

What direction is the caudal pole of the cat oriented in?

A

caudodorsally

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23
Q

What direction is the caudal pole of the boar oriented in?

A

caudodorsally

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24
Q

What direction is the caudal pole of the dog oriented in?

A

horizontally

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25
Q

What direction is the caudal pole of the horse oriented in?

A

horizontally

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26
Q

What direction is the caudal pole of the bull oriented in?

A

vertically

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27
Q

When does testicular descent in carnivores occur?

A

after birth

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28
Q

When does testicular descent in horses occur?

A

around the time of birth

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29
Q

When does testicular descent in pigs occur?

A

shortly before birth

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30
Q

When does testicular descent in ruminants occur?

A

early in utero

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31
Q

What is the function of the gubernaculum?

A

it tethers the testicle in place until they need to descend, then it swells to cause dilation of the inguinal canal and pulls the testicle through

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32
Q

What are the layers of the scrotum (external to internal)?

A

skin and dartos, external spermatic fascia, cremaster muscle, internal spermatic fascia, parietal vaginal tunic, cavity of vaginal process, visceral vaginal tunic, and tunica albuginea

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33
Q

How does open castration occur?

A

you cut through the parietal vaginal tunic to open the vaginal cavity and remove the testes

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34
Q

How does closed castration occur?

A

minimal cutting - the spermatic cord is ligated and severed ventral to a tie

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35
Q

What does the spermatic cord contain?

A

vaginal tunic, vaginal cavity, vaginal ring, pampiniform plexus, testicular artery, and spermatic fascia

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36
Q

How do the testicular arteries decrease pulsatile flow?

A

they are full of twists and turns when they exit the abdominal cavity to decrease the flow

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37
Q

What is the function of the pampiniform plexus?

A

it helps with heat exchange

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38
Q

If a testicular vein is going to drain into the renal vein, which one will it be?

A

the left one

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39
Q

What lymphatics are associated with the spermatic cord?

A

medial iliac and lumbar aortic lymph nodes

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40
Q

What type of innervation does the testicular vessels and spermatic cord have?

A

autonomic

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41
Q

What are the parts of the penis?

A

root, body, and glans

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42
Q

What are the parts of the root of the penis?

A

crura and bulb

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43
Q

What is the bulb of the root of the penis constructed of?

A

the expanded proximal portion of the corpus spongiosum

44
Q

What is the bulb of the root of the penis covered by?

A

the bulbospongiosus muscle

45
Q

What is the glans?

A

the expanded distal portion of the corpus spongiosum

46
Q

What muscles make up the erectile tissue?

A

the corpus cavernosum and corpus spngiosum

47
Q

What is the ischiocavernosus muscle?

A

a paired muscle from the ischiatic tuber and broad sacrotuberous ligament to the crus and the body of the penis

48
Q

In the bulls, what is th ischiocavernosus muscle fused with?

A

the suspensory ligament of the penis

49
Q

In the ruminant, where is the sigmoid flexure located?

A

post scrotally

50
Q

In the pig, where is the sigmoid flexure located?

A

pre scrotally

51
Q

What does the cremaster muscle extend from?

A

the tail of the epidydimis to the abdominal obliques

52
Q

What is the funciton of the cremaster muscle?

A

it pulls the testicles closer to the body when cold and maintains temperature

53
Q

Is the cremaster muscle inside or outside of the vaginal tunic?

A

outside

54
Q

Where do spermatozoa mature?

A

in the head and body of the epididymis

55
Q

What are the layers of the equine penis from outside to in? (moving parts of the telescope)

A

external lamina of prepuse, internal lamina of prepuse, external lamina of preputial fold, preputial ring, internal lamina of preputial fold, free penis, and glans penis

56
Q

What is the vaginal ring made by?

A

evagination of parietal peritoneum through the inguinal canal

57
Q

What is the superficial inguinal ring made from?

A

the aponeurosis of the external abdominal oblique

58
Q

What is the deep inguinal ring made from?

A

aponeurosis from the internal abdominal oblique and the inguinal ligament

59
Q

What goes through the inguinal ring?

A

external pudendal artery and vein. Inguinal lymph vessels, ilioinguinal and genitofemoral nerve, spermatic cord, vaginal tunic, and cremaster muscle

60
Q

What is the uterus masculinus?

A

the remnant of the paramesonephric duct

61
Q

What is the ampulla?

A

the enlarged end of the ductus deferens

62
Q

What is the function of the retractor penis?

A

it is a smooth muscle that retracts the penis into the prepuse

63
Q

What is the bulbospongiosus muscle?

A

the msucle that surounds the urethra from the ischiatic arch to the crura - thickest in the horse

64
Q

What is the suspensory ligament associated with the penis?

A

a ligament that is continuous with the tendon of the gracillis muscle and attaches the penis to the pelvis

65
Q

What type of penis do horses and carnivores have?

A

musculocavernosus

66
Q

Characterize the musculocavernousus penis.

A

thick tunica albuginea, 2 separate cavernous spaces join to form one in the penis, substantial increase in length and diameter during erection, erectile pressure 3500

67
Q

What type of penis do ruminants and the pig have?

A

fibroelastic

68
Q

Characterize the fibroelastic penis.

A

moderate increase in length and diameter during erection, very thick tunica albuginea, sigmoid turn in the penis, high erection pressure

69
Q

What is the corpus cavernosum like in carnivores?

A

it is 2 separate parts each with their own blood supply

70
Q

What is the corpus cavernosum like in large animals?

A

the parts overlap and so does the blood supply

71
Q

During an erection, which part of the penis is exposed?

A

the free part and the internal lamina

72
Q

What does the corpus spongiosum do?

A

coveres the extrapelvic portion of the urethra

73
Q

What species has the corpus spongiosum glandis?

A

the horse

74
Q

What is the corpus spongiosum glandis?

A

erectile cushion of the glans that is continuous with the corpus spongiosum

75
Q

What is the preputial diverticulum?

A

a pocket in the prepuse of the boar that collects sloughed cells, urine, and other nastiness

76
Q

What muscle wraps around the preputial diverticulum?

A

the preputial muscle

77
Q

What accessory sex glands does the cat have?

A

prostate and bulbourethral gland

78
Q

What accessory sex glands does the dog have?

A

ampulla (not prominent) and prostate

79
Q

What accessory sex glands does the horse have?

A

ampulla, prostate, vesicular gland, and bulbourethral gland

80
Q

What accessory sex glands does the ox have?

A

ampulla, prostate, vesicular gland, and bulbourethral gland

81
Q

What is the prostate like in the small ruminant?

A

it only has the disseminate part of the prostate

82
Q

What is the structure of the prostate in the horse?

A

lobulated and only glandular

83
Q

What is the structure of the vesicular gland in the cow?

A

lobulated

84
Q

What is the funciton of the vesicular gland?

A

they secrete alkaline fluid high in fructose into the urethra through the ejaculatory duct

85
Q

What are the bulbourethral glands?

A

paired glands on the dorsocaudal aspect of the pelvic urethra behind the bulb of the penis

86
Q

What does the urethralis muscle cover?

A

the urethra and the bulbourethral gland

87
Q

What species is the ejaculatory duct present in?

A

the horse and the ruminant

88
Q

What is the ejaculatory duct?

A

a combination of the vesicular gland and the ductus deferens

89
Q

What are the branches of the internal iliac in the stallion?

A

internal pudendal, umbilical, obturator and external pudendal

90
Q

What are the branches of the internal pudendal in the stallion?

A

the prostatic, caudal rectal, ventral perineal, and penile

91
Q

What are the branches of the prostatic in the stallion?

A

the ureteral branch, caudal vesicular, ductus deferens branch, urethral branch, and middle rectal

92
Q

What does the ventral perineal supply?

A

the skin between the anus and the genitals

93
Q

What are the penile branches of the internal pudendal in the stallion?

A

bulb of penis, deep, and dorsal

94
Q

What are the umbilical branches of the internal iliac in the stallion?

A

ureteral branch, cranial vesicular, ductus deferens branch

95
Q

What does the cranial vesicular supply?

A

the cranial part of the urinary bladder

96
Q

What is the branch off of the obturator of the internal iliac of the stallion?

A

the middle artery of the penis

97
Q

What is the branch off of the external pudendal of the internal iliac in the stallion?

A

cranial artery of the penis

98
Q

What are the branches of the internal iliac in the bull?

A

caudal gluteal, umbilical, internal pudendal and prostatic

99
Q

What are the branches of the internal pudendal in the bull?

A

urethral, caudal rectal, ventral perineal, dorsal scrotal, and penile

100
Q

What are the branches of the penile of the internal pudendal in the bull?

A

bulb of penis, deep, and dorsal

101
Q

What is different between the branches of the penile artery in the stallion and the bull?

A

the bull’s arteries do not have reinforcement

102
Q

What does the deep femoral branch off of in the bull?

A

external iliac

103
Q

What does is the branch off of the deep femoral in the bull?

A

the pudendoepigastric trunk

104
Q

What are the branches of the pudendoepigastric trunk in the bull?

A

cremasteric, caudal (deep) epigastric, and external pudendal

105
Q

What are the branches of the external pudendal in the bull?

A

caudal superficial epigastric and ventral scrota

Anatomy - Large Animal (21 decks)

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