Male Reproduction Flashcards
1
Q
What is the shape of the testis?
A
ovoid
2
Q
What is located in the mediastinum testis?
A
rete testis and septa
3
Q
What is the function of the tunica albuginea?
A
it holds in high testicular pressure
4
Q
What are the parts of the lubular part of the testis?
A
seminiferous tubules and straight tubules
5
Q
What are the rete testis?
A
a web-like network of interconnecting channels that straigh seminiferous tubules dump into
6
Q
What are the efferent ductules?
A
8-15 channels leading into the head of epidydimis - unite to form the epididymal duct
7
Q
What occurs in the seminiferous tubules?
A
germ cells differentiate into spermatozoa
8
Q
What occurs in the convoluted seminiferous tubules?
A
sperm production
9
Q
What is the length of the epididymis of the ox and the small ruminant?
A
approximately 50 m
10
Q
What is the length of the epididymis of the stallion?
A
approximately 70 m
11
Q
What are the parts of the epididymis?
A
the head, body, and tail
12
Q
What ligaments are associated with the tail of the epididymis?
A
proper ligament of the testis and the ligament of the tail of the epididymis
13
Q
What is the mesepididymis?
A
an extension of the mesorchim that attaches the body of the epididymis to the testis
14
Q
Where is the mesorchium located?
A
in between the cremaster muscle and ductus deferens
15
Q
What does the proper ligament of the testis connect?
A
the testicle and the epididymis
16
Q
What are the remnants of the fetal gubernaculum?
A
proper ligament of the testis and the ligament of the tail of the epididymis
17
Q
What is the testicular bursa?
A
the space between the epididymis and the testicle
18
Q
What is the function of the testicle?
A
sperm storage and maturation
19
Q
What is the path that sperm follow to leave the body?
A
convulted seminiferous tubules to straight seminiferous tubules to rete testes to efferent ductules to epidiymal duct to ductus deferens to pelvic urethra
20
Q
What is the function of the ductus deferens?
A
carrie sperm from the tail of the epididymis to the urethra
21
Q
During development, where does the scrotum start?
A
ventral to the anus
22
Q
What direction is the caudal pole of the cat oriented in?
A
caudodorsally
23
Q
What direction is the caudal pole of the boar oriented in?
A
caudodorsally
24
Q
What direction is the caudal pole of the dog oriented in?
A
horizontally
25
What direction is the caudal pole of the horse oriented in?
horizontally
26
What direction is the caudal pole of the bull oriented in?
vertically
27
When does testicular descent in carnivores occur?
after birth
28
When does testicular descent in horses occur?
around the time of birth
29
When does testicular descent in pigs occur?
shortly before birth
30
When does testicular descent in ruminants occur?
early in utero
31
What is the function of the gubernaculum?
it tethers the testicle in place until they need to descend, then it swells to cause dilation of the inguinal canal and pulls the testicle through
32
What are the layers of the scrotum (external to internal)?
skin and dartos, external spermatic fascia, cremaster muscle, internal spermatic fascia, parietal vaginal tunic, cavity of vaginal process, visceral vaginal tunic, and tunica albuginea
33
How does open castration occur?
you cut through the parietal vaginal tunic to open the vaginal cavity and remove the testes
34
How does closed castration occur?
minimal cutting - the spermatic cord is ligated and severed ventral to a tie
35
What does the spermatic cord contain?
vaginal tunic, vaginal cavity, vaginal ring, pampiniform plexus, testicular artery, and spermatic fascia
36
How do the testicular arteries decrease pulsatile flow?
they are full of twists and turns when they exit the abdominal cavity to decrease the flow
37
What is the function of the pampiniform plexus?
it helps with heat exchange
38
If a testicular vein is going to drain into the renal vein, which one will it be?
the left one
39
What lymphatics are associated with the spermatic cord?
medial iliac and lumbar aortic lymph nodes
40
What type of innervation does the testicular vessels and spermatic cord have?
autonomic
41
What are the parts of the penis?
root, body, and glans
42
What are the parts of the root of the penis?
crura and bulb
43
What is the bulb of the root of the penis constructed of?
the expanded proximal portion of the corpus spongiosum
44
What is the bulb of the root of the penis covered by?
the bulbospongiosus muscle
45
What is the glans?
the expanded distal portion of the corpus spongiosum
46
What muscles make up the erectile tissue?
the corpus cavernosum and corpus spngiosum
47
What is the ischiocavernosus muscle?
a paired muscle from the ischiatic tuber and broad sacrotuberous ligament to the crus and the body of the penis
48
In the bulls, what is th ischiocavernosus muscle fused with?
the suspensory ligament of the penis
49
In the ruminant, where is the sigmoid flexure located?
post scrotally
50
In the pig, where is the sigmoid flexure located?
pre scrotally
51
What does the cremaster muscle extend from?
the tail of the epidydimis to the abdominal obliques
52
What is the funciton of the cremaster muscle?
it pulls the testicles closer to the body when cold and maintains temperature
53
Is the cremaster muscle inside or outside of the vaginal tunic?
outside
54
Where do spermatozoa mature?
in the head and body of the epididymis
55
What are the layers of the equine penis from outside to in? (moving parts of the telescope)
external lamina of prepuse, internal lamina of prepuse, external lamina of preputial fold, preputial ring, internal lamina of preputial fold, free penis, and glans penis
56
What is the vaginal ring made by?
evagination of parietal peritoneum through the inguinal canal
57
What is the superficial inguinal ring made from?
the aponeurosis of the external abdominal oblique
58
What is the deep inguinal ring made from?
aponeurosis from the internal abdominal oblique and the inguinal ligament
59
What goes through the inguinal ring?
external pudendal artery and vein. Inguinal lymph vessels, ilioinguinal and genitofemoral nerve, spermatic cord, vaginal tunic, and cremaster muscle
60
What is the uterus masculinus?
the remnant of the paramesonephric duct
61
What is the ampulla?
the enlarged end of the ductus deferens
62
What is the function of the retractor penis?
it is a smooth muscle that retracts the penis into the prepuse
63
What is the bulbospongiosus muscle?
the msucle that surounds the urethra from the ischiatic arch to the crura - thickest in the horse
64
What is the suspensory ligament associated with the penis?
a ligament that is continuous with the tendon of the gracillis muscle and attaches the penis to the pelvis
65
What type of penis do horses and carnivores have?
musculocavernosus
66
Characterize the musculocavernousus penis.
thick tunica albuginea, 2 separate cavernous spaces join to form one in the penis, substantial increase in length and diameter during erection, erectile pressure 3500
67
What type of penis do ruminants and the pig have?
fibroelastic
68
Characterize the fibroelastic penis.
moderate increase in length and diameter during erection, very thick tunica albuginea, sigmoid turn in the penis, high erection pressure
69
What is the corpus cavernosum like in carnivores?
it is 2 separate parts each with their own blood supply
70
What is the corpus cavernosum like in large animals?
the parts overlap and so does the blood supply
71
During an erection, which part of the penis is exposed?
the free part and the internal lamina
72
What does the corpus spongiosum do?
coveres the extrapelvic portion of the urethra
73
What species has the corpus spongiosum glandis?
the horse
74
What is the corpus spongiosum glandis?
erectile cushion of the glans that is continuous with the corpus spongiosum
75
What is the preputial diverticulum?
a pocket in the prepuse of the boar that collects sloughed cells, urine, and other nastiness
76
What muscle wraps around the preputial diverticulum?
the preputial muscle
77
What accessory sex glands does the cat have?
prostate and bulbourethral gland
78
What accessory sex glands does the dog have?
ampulla (not prominent) and prostate
79
What accessory sex glands does the horse have?
ampulla, prostate, vesicular gland, and bulbourethral gland
80
What accessory sex glands does the ox have?
ampulla, prostate, vesicular gland, and bulbourethral gland
81
What is the prostate like in the small ruminant?
it only has the disseminate part of the prostate
82
What is the structure of the prostate in the horse?
lobulated and only glandular
83
What is the structure of the vesicular gland in the cow?
lobulated
84
What is the funciton of the vesicular gland?
they secrete alkaline fluid high in fructose into the urethra through the ejaculatory duct
85
What are the bulbourethral glands?
paired glands on the dorsocaudal aspect of the pelvic urethra behind the bulb of the penis
86
What does the urethralis muscle cover?
the urethra and the bulbourethral gland
87
What species is the ejaculatory duct present in?
the horse and the ruminant
88
What is the ejaculatory duct?
a combination of the vesicular gland and the ductus deferens
89
What are the branches of the internal iliac in the stallion?
internal pudendal, umbilical, obturator and external pudendal
90
What are the branches of the internal pudendal in the stallion?
the prostatic, caudal rectal, ventral perineal, and penile
91
What are the branches of the prostatic in the stallion?
the ureteral branch, caudal vesicular, ductus deferens branch, urethral branch, and middle rectal
92
What does the ventral perineal supply?
the skin between the anus and the genitals
93
What are the penile branches of the internal pudendal in the stallion?
bulb of penis, deep, and dorsal
94
What are the umbilical branches of the internal iliac in the stallion?
ureteral branch, cranial vesicular, ductus deferens branch
95
What does the cranial vesicular supply?
the cranial part of the urinary bladder
96
What is the branch off of the obturator of the internal iliac of the stallion?
the middle artery of the penis
97
What is the branch off of the external pudendal of the internal iliac in the stallion?
cranial artery of the penis
98
What are the branches of the internal iliac in the bull?
caudal gluteal, umbilical, internal pudendal and prostatic
99
What are the branches of the internal pudendal in the bull?
urethral, caudal rectal, ventral perineal, dorsal scrotal, and penile
100
What are the branches of the penile of the internal pudendal in the bull?
bulb of penis, deep, and dorsal
101
What is different between the branches of the penile artery in the stallion and the bull?
the bull's arteries do not have reinforcement
102
What does the deep femoral branch off of in the bull?
external iliac
103
What does is the branch off of the deep femoral in the bull?
the pudendoepigastric trunk
104
What are the branches of the pudendoepigastric trunk in the bull?
cremasteric, caudal (deep) epigastric, and external pudendal
105
What are the branches of the external pudendal in the bull?
caudal superficial epigastric and ventral scrota
