Male Reproduction Flashcards
What is the shape of the testis?
ovoid
What is located in the mediastinum testis?
rete testis and septa
What is the function of the tunica albuginea?
it holds in high testicular pressure
What are the parts of the lubular part of the testis?
seminiferous tubules and straight tubules
What are the rete testis?
a web-like network of interconnecting channels that straigh seminiferous tubules dump into
What are the efferent ductules?
8-15 channels leading into the head of epidydimis - unite to form the epididymal duct
What occurs in the seminiferous tubules?
germ cells differentiate into spermatozoa
What occurs in the convoluted seminiferous tubules?
sperm production
What is the length of the epididymis of the ox and the small ruminant?
approximately 50 m
What is the length of the epididymis of the stallion?
approximately 70 m
What are the parts of the epididymis?
the head, body, and tail
What ligaments are associated with the tail of the epididymis?
proper ligament of the testis and the ligament of the tail of the epididymis
What is the mesepididymis?
an extension of the mesorchim that attaches the body of the epididymis to the testis
Where is the mesorchium located?
in between the cremaster muscle and ductus deferens
What does the proper ligament of the testis connect?
the testicle and the epididymis
What are the remnants of the fetal gubernaculum?
proper ligament of the testis and the ligament of the tail of the epididymis
What is the testicular bursa?
the space between the epididymis and the testicle
What is the function of the testicle?
sperm storage and maturation
What is the path that sperm follow to leave the body?
convulted seminiferous tubules to straight seminiferous tubules to rete testes to efferent ductules to epidiymal duct to ductus deferens to pelvic urethra
What is the function of the ductus deferens?
carrie sperm from the tail of the epididymis to the urethra
During development, where does the scrotum start?
ventral to the anus
What direction is the caudal pole of the cat oriented in?
caudodorsally
What direction is the caudal pole of the boar oriented in?
caudodorsally
What direction is the caudal pole of the dog oriented in?
horizontally
What direction is the caudal pole of the horse oriented in?
horizontally
What direction is the caudal pole of the bull oriented in?
vertically
When does testicular descent in carnivores occur?
after birth
When does testicular descent in horses occur?
around the time of birth
When does testicular descent in pigs occur?
shortly before birth
When does testicular descent in ruminants occur?
early in utero
What is the function of the gubernaculum?
it tethers the testicle in place until they need to descend, then it swells to cause dilation of the inguinal canal and pulls the testicle through
What are the layers of the scrotum (external to internal)?
skin and dartos, external spermatic fascia, cremaster muscle, internal spermatic fascia, parietal vaginal tunic, cavity of vaginal process, visceral vaginal tunic, and tunica albuginea
How does open castration occur?
you cut through the parietal vaginal tunic to open the vaginal cavity and remove the testes
How does closed castration occur?
minimal cutting - the spermatic cord is ligated and severed ventral to a tie
What does the spermatic cord contain?
vaginal tunic, vaginal cavity, vaginal ring, pampiniform plexus, testicular artery, and spermatic fascia
How do the testicular arteries decrease pulsatile flow?
they are full of twists and turns when they exit the abdominal cavity to decrease the flow
What is the function of the pampiniform plexus?
it helps with heat exchange
If a testicular vein is going to drain into the renal vein, which one will it be?
the left one
What lymphatics are associated with the spermatic cord?
medial iliac and lumbar aortic lymph nodes
What type of innervation does the testicular vessels and spermatic cord have?
autonomic
What are the parts of the penis?
root, body, and glans
What are the parts of the root of the penis?
crura and bulb
What is the bulb of the root of the penis constructed of?
the expanded proximal portion of the corpus spongiosum
What is the bulb of the root of the penis covered by?
the bulbospongiosus muscle
What is the glans?
the expanded distal portion of the corpus spongiosum
What muscles make up the erectile tissue?
the corpus cavernosum and corpus spngiosum
What is the ischiocavernosus muscle?
a paired muscle from the ischiatic tuber and broad sacrotuberous ligament to the crus and the body of the penis
In the bulls, what is th ischiocavernosus muscle fused with?
the suspensory ligament of the penis
In the ruminant, where is the sigmoid flexure located?
post scrotally
In the pig, where is the sigmoid flexure located?
pre scrotally
What does the cremaster muscle extend from?
the tail of the epidydimis to the abdominal obliques
What is the funciton of the cremaster muscle?
it pulls the testicles closer to the body when cold and maintains temperature
Is the cremaster muscle inside or outside of the vaginal tunic?
outside
Where do spermatozoa mature?
in the head and body of the epididymis
What are the layers of the equine penis from outside to in? (moving parts of the telescope)
external lamina of prepuse, internal lamina of prepuse, external lamina of preputial fold, preputial ring, internal lamina of preputial fold, free penis, and glans penis
What is the vaginal ring made by?
evagination of parietal peritoneum through the inguinal canal
What is the superficial inguinal ring made from?
the aponeurosis of the external abdominal oblique
What is the deep inguinal ring made from?
aponeurosis from the internal abdominal oblique and the inguinal ligament
What goes through the inguinal ring?
external pudendal artery and vein. Inguinal lymph vessels, ilioinguinal and genitofemoral nerve, spermatic cord, vaginal tunic, and cremaster muscle
What is the uterus masculinus?
the remnant of the paramesonephric duct
What is the ampulla?
the enlarged end of the ductus deferens
What is the function of the retractor penis?
it is a smooth muscle that retracts the penis into the prepuse
What is the bulbospongiosus muscle?
the msucle that surounds the urethra from the ischiatic arch to the crura - thickest in the horse
What is the suspensory ligament associated with the penis?
a ligament that is continuous with the tendon of the gracillis muscle and attaches the penis to the pelvis
What type of penis do horses and carnivores have?
musculocavernosus
Characterize the musculocavernousus penis.
thick tunica albuginea, 2 separate cavernous spaces join to form one in the penis, substantial increase in length and diameter during erection, erectile pressure 3500
What type of penis do ruminants and the pig have?
fibroelastic
Characterize the fibroelastic penis.
moderate increase in length and diameter during erection, very thick tunica albuginea, sigmoid turn in the penis, high erection pressure
What is the corpus cavernosum like in carnivores?
it is 2 separate parts each with their own blood supply
What is the corpus cavernosum like in large animals?
the parts overlap and so does the blood supply
During an erection, which part of the penis is exposed?
the free part and the internal lamina
What does the corpus spongiosum do?
coveres the extrapelvic portion of the urethra
What species has the corpus spongiosum glandis?
the horse
What is the corpus spongiosum glandis?
erectile cushion of the glans that is continuous with the corpus spongiosum
What is the preputial diverticulum?
a pocket in the prepuse of the boar that collects sloughed cells, urine, and other nastiness
What muscle wraps around the preputial diverticulum?
the preputial muscle
What accessory sex glands does the cat have?
prostate and bulbourethral gland
What accessory sex glands does the dog have?
ampulla (not prominent) and prostate
What accessory sex glands does the horse have?
ampulla, prostate, vesicular gland, and bulbourethral gland
What accessory sex glands does the ox have?
ampulla, prostate, vesicular gland, and bulbourethral gland
What is the prostate like in the small ruminant?
it only has the disseminate part of the prostate
What is the structure of the prostate in the horse?
lobulated and only glandular
What is the structure of the vesicular gland in the cow?
lobulated
What is the funciton of the vesicular gland?
they secrete alkaline fluid high in fructose into the urethra through the ejaculatory duct
What are the bulbourethral glands?
paired glands on the dorsocaudal aspect of the pelvic urethra behind the bulb of the penis
What does the urethralis muscle cover?
the urethra and the bulbourethral gland
What species is the ejaculatory duct present in?
the horse and the ruminant
What is the ejaculatory duct?
a combination of the vesicular gland and the ductus deferens
What are the branches of the internal iliac in the stallion?
internal pudendal, umbilical, obturator and external pudendal
What are the branches of the internal pudendal in the stallion?
the prostatic, caudal rectal, ventral perineal, and penile
What are the branches of the prostatic in the stallion?
the ureteral branch, caudal vesicular, ductus deferens branch, urethral branch, and middle rectal
What does the ventral perineal supply?
the skin between the anus and the genitals
What are the penile branches of the internal pudendal in the stallion?
bulb of penis, deep, and dorsal
What are the umbilical branches of the internal iliac in the stallion?
ureteral branch, cranial vesicular, ductus deferens branch
What does the cranial vesicular supply?
the cranial part of the urinary bladder
What is the branch off of the obturator of the internal iliac of the stallion?
the middle artery of the penis
What is the branch off of the external pudendal of the internal iliac in the stallion?
cranial artery of the penis
What are the branches of the internal iliac in the bull?
caudal gluteal, umbilical, internal pudendal and prostatic
What are the branches of the internal pudendal in the bull?
urethral, caudal rectal, ventral perineal, dorsal scrotal, and penile
What are the branches of the penile of the internal pudendal in the bull?
bulb of penis, deep, and dorsal
What is different between the branches of the penile artery in the stallion and the bull?
the bull’s arteries do not have reinforcement
What does the deep femoral branch off of in the bull?
external iliac
What does is the branch off of the deep femoral in the bull?
the pudendoepigastric trunk
What are the branches of the pudendoepigastric trunk in the bull?
cremasteric, caudal (deep) epigastric, and external pudendal
What are the branches of the external pudendal in the bull?
caudal superficial epigastric and ventral scrota
