NBDE( exam 3 pbl) questions Flashcards
The lesser petrosal nerve carries preganglionic parasympathetic fibers to the?
otic ganglion
The superior orbital fissure is located between which structures?
greater and lesser wings of sphenoid bone
Where is the mandibular foramen is located?
above occlusal plane of mandibular molars and posterior to them
The parasympathetic fibers to the pterygopalatine ganglion come from which nerve?
greater petrosal nerve of facial nerve
What role does the auriculotemporal nerve play in the function of the parotid gland?
supplies both parasympathetic and sympathetic fibers
Special visceral afferent fibers for taste are conveyed by which cranial nerves?
facial, glossopharyngeal, Vagus( epiglottis and pharynx)
The jugular foramen transmits which cranial nerves?
CN, IX,X,XI
Which structures passes through the foramen rotundum?
V2
Pressure receptors in the carotid sinus are associated with which cranial nerve?
glossopharyngeal nerve
What happens when the cell body of a neuron is destroyed?
all the fibers degenerate and die
What occurs when protrusion of the tongue is attempted with unilateral damage of the hypoglossal nerve?
tongue deviates to the side of the damage.
When a membrane is depolarized, what happens to its permeability?
it becomes permeable to the passage of ions.
What type of fibers does the chorda tympani nerve contain?
preganglionic parasympathetic
What effect would a submaximal direct stimulus to a skeletal muscle have
contraction of some fibers
Cell bodies of sympathetic preganglionic neurons are located in which areas of the spinal chord?
theyre in the lateral horn of the spinal cord between T1-L2 ( remember sympathetic is thoracolumbar, parasympathetic is craniosacral)
All Preganglionic autonomic nerve fibers have what in common?
all are cholinergic and directly innervate tissue
Where in the autonomic nervous system is norepinephrine stored?
post ganglionic sympathetic nerve endings
Sensations from the left face and teeth are interpreted where?
trigeminal nerve
The temporomandibular joint capsule is supplied by which cranial nerves?
auriculotemporal and masseteric branches of V3
The cell bodies of Preganglionic sympathetic fibers running to the brain are located where?
sympathetic preganglionic fibers are short fibers and are located in the thoracic and lumbar segments of the spinal cord
The cell bodies of proprioceptive nerves carrying information from the periodontal ligaments are located where?
mesencephalic nucleus of CN V
Through which foramina do the terminal branches of the mandibular nerve emerge?
ohphthalmic- superior orbital fissure
maxillary- foramen rotundem
mandibular- foramen ovale
Postganglionic fibers from the superior cervical ganglion innervate which muscles?
dilator pupillae, ciliary m., superior tarsal m. , inferior tarsal m., orbitalis m.
Which nerve enters the pharynx in the gap between the superior and middle constrictors?
Glossopharyngeal nerve (IX)
A patient bites the tip of his tongue. The pain that ensues is carried by way of which cranial nerve (s)?
V3
The submandibular ganglion is associated with which nerves?
lingual nerve, chorda tympani
Which Cranial nerve(s) emerges from the pons?
CN 5-8
Lesions to a single side of the spinal cord result in loss of what (below the level of the lesion)?
loss of movement to the injured side, but pain and temperature will be impaired or lost on the opposite side
Preganglionic parasympathetic fibers that synapse in the pterygopalatine ganglion travel in nerve(s)?
greater petrosal nerve
A patents gingival swelling will elicit sensations of pain that will travel via which nerve(s)?
buccal nerve of V3
Which cranial nerves contain parasympathetic components?
3,7,9,10
Which of the following nerve(s) travels from the carotid triangle into the submandibular triangle of the neck?
hypoglossal nerve
Intelligence and sensory-motor function of your patient appear to be intact However, the patient lacks self-discipline and has exhibited anti-social behavior. He is unable to plan for the future or to organize behaviors into sequences:
Frontal lobe (ANSWER)—conscious thought; damage can result in mood changes, social differences, etc. The frontal lobes are the most uniquely human of all the brain structures.
. If the patient’s sensation of clogged ears is due to pressure of the auditory tubes. Which nerve is providing this sensory innervation?
glossopharyngeal
Which nerve innervates the inferior buccal mucosa of the floor of the oral cavity?
V3
Cell bodies of sympathetic fibers in the nerve of the pterygoid canal originate where?
superior cervical ganglion(The SCG is the only ganglion in the sympathetic nervous system that
innervates the head and neck).
Which cranial nerves are associated with the cavernous sinus?
(O TOM CAT) otom, oculomotor, trochlear, opthalmic maxillary
Which nerve innervates the taste buds of the anterior two-thirds of the tongue?
chorda tympani of the facial nerve
A deviation of the tongue, when protruded, away from the midline results from damage to which cranial nerve?
hypoglossal
Which CN leaves the cranium by way of the jugular foramen?
CN IX, X, XI
Difficulty in raising the shoulder might be the result of damage to which cranial nerve(s)?
accessory(XI), This is in charge of the SCM and trapezius
When biting down rapidly on an unexpected hard surface while chewing. Cessation of motor unit recruitment in jaw closing muscles is caused by stimulation of which receptors?
periodontal mechanoreceptors
How is the resting potential of a nerve membrane maintained?
potassium ions diffuse out of the cell at a much faster rate that sodium is pumped in leaving a negative resting potential???? ( look this one up theres more to it)
How do we accommodate for near vision?
constriction of pupils, convergence of eyeballs, and cotraction of ciliary m
Which reflex(s) are mediated by the medulla oblongata?
respiration, cardiac center, vasomotor center, relfex centers of vomiting, coughing, sneezing and swallowing
After a right side radical mastoid operation, a patient has facial distortion and the mouth is drawn upward to the left. He is unable to close his right eye. Saliva tends to accumulate in his right cheek and dribble out of the corner of his mouth. Which nerve is MOST was likely damaged during the operation?
facial
The spinal cord is the only structure in the central nervous system necessary for which body functions?
simple reflex
Where are Cell bodies of sympathetic preganglionic neurons located?
lateral horns of thoracolumbar region.
The intracellular, “second” messenger for many peptide and polypeptide hormones is?
cAMP
What effect does alkalosis or acidosis have on neuronal excitability?
alkalosis- greatly increases neuronal excitablity
acidosi- greatly depresses neuronal activity
Why when an impulse is carried by a chain of two or more neurons, is the total transmission time greater than the sum of the transmission times for each neuron?
??
Spatial summation results from the?
Summing simultaneous postsynaptic potentials by activating multiple terminals on widely spaced areas of the neuronal membrane.
In which area of the spinal cord are the Cell bodies of the somatic motor system located?
afferent-dorsal root ganglion of spinal nerve
efferent- anterior gray column of spinal cord
Two-point discrimination requires that two sensory receptors be?
innervated by 2 different axons
What is the size and characteristic of the nerve fibers that conduct sensory input of pain from the oral-facial region?
small in diameter and un myelinated
If the spinal tract of the fifth cranial nerve were sectioned at the level of the caudal medulla, which modalities would be most affected?
pain from ipsilateral side of face
The primary sensory neuron’s nucleus of termination involved in pain from the maxillary second molar is located where?
spinal nucleus of trigeminal nerve
Pain fibers from the posterior third of the tongue travel with which cranial nerve?
glossopharyngeal nerve
Pain, touch, temperature and proprioceptive modalities for the temporomandibular joint are carried by way of which nerve?
auriculotemporal nerve in the capsule and periphery of the disk
Through which tracts in the spinal cord are Sensations of Pain and Temperature carried?
lateral spinothalamic tract
In the Pain Gate Theory (Pain), a controller system modulates sensory input so that there is a selective and integrative action occurring before impulses reach the first synapse for onward transmission. The gate controller in this system is?
substantia gelatinosa
Where are the cell bodies of pain fibers in the glossopharyngeal nerve?
superior and inferior petrous ganglia
The nerve of the pterygoid canal contains which type of fibers?
preganglionic parasympathetic fibers from greater petrosal nerve of facial nerve, sympathetic fibers from deep petrosal from superior cervical ganglion.
The cell body of the efferent (motor) neuron of a spinal reflex arc is located where?
The anterior gray column (ventral horn) of the spinal cord
The sensory receptors serving the stretch reflex are classified as what type receptor?
Muscle spindles: Mechanoreceptors
What is the primary function of the cerebellum?
Muscular coordination
Which sensory organ are most concerned with maintenance of skeletal muscle tonus?
NBDE: Muscle spindles
The tone of the masseter muscle is maintained which reflex?
Stretch reflex
How might the frequency of impulse activity in the afferent nerve from a muscle spindle be increased?
Increased activity in gamma-efferent fibers AND passive stretch of the muscle
Which reflexes are considered monosynaptic?
The knee-jerk reflex action is an example of a monosynaptic.
Stretch Reflex, Knee Jerk Reflex
The process by which extensor muscles acting at a particular joint are inhibited by stretch of the flexor muscle acting at the same joint is called what?
Reciprocal inhibition
The annulospiral (primary) ending of the skeletal muscle spindle is stimulated by?
muscle is stretched
Sectioning of the pyramidal tracts would produces loss of what function?
Innervation from the pyramidal tract.
This means that they get information only from
fibers on the opposite side of the brain. Therefore, a unilateral upper motor neuron
lesion could cause a unilateral facial droop or problems with tongue protrusion on the
opposite side of the body.
What is the major center in the brain responsible for regulation of the autonomic nervous system (ANS)?
hypothalamus
The cerebellar cortex is characterized histologically by which types of cells?
Purkinje
Emotional feelings are MOST closely related to which area of the brain?
Limbic system
Cell bodies of the somatic motor system lie in which location relative to the spinal cord?
Ventral horn
Glutamate decarboxylase, an enzyme that catalyzes the formation of gamma-amino butyric acid (GABA}, is unique to what tissue type?
nervous tissue
Discrete motor activity of the hand is dependent on which cortical area?
Precentral gyrus of the frontal lobe
- Where is the visual center of the cerebral cortex located?
Occipital lobe
Which area of the cerebral cortex is concerned with the recognition of painful stimuli from the teeth?
Postcentral Gyrus
Which center of the brain regulates body temperature?
Hypothalamus
What is the most important output pathway (tract) from the motor cortex?
corticospinal tract aka pyramidal tract
Most of the fibers ascending to or descending from the cerebral cortex traverse which white matter structure?
Internal capsule
The large mass of gray matter that bulges into the floor and the lateral aspect of the lateral ventricle is the?
caudate nucleus
The major tract connecting right and left cerebral hemispheres is the?
Corpus Callosum
The jaw jerk reflex is an example of which type of reflex?
Stretch Reflex
The subliminal fringe of a motor neuron pool is a useful concept in explaining the phenomenon referred to as?
central facilitation. ( see drive for explanation)
What is associated with damage to Wernicke’s area?
a person might hear perfectly well and even recognize different words but still be unable to arrange these words into a coherent thought.
What is associated with damage to Broca’s area?
People with damage to Brocas area can understand speech but cannot produce speech.
. Which cranial nerve is involved in both salivation and lacrimation?
Facial Nerve (Vll), These are GVE motor neurons.
What type of fibers do the spinal nerves [skeletal nerves] carry?
Spinal nerves consist of sensory and motor neural fibers. Sensory (afferent) fibers enter the spinal cord dorsally while motor (efferent) fibers exit the spinal cord ventrally.
What are the symptoms of Parkinson’s disease?
rigidity of certain muscle groups, tremors when no voluntary movement is under way, and difficulty initiating movement. Parkinson’s is caused by a loss of dopamine secreting fibers (especially substantia nigra).
What is the Inferior tip of the postcentral gyrus responsible for?
Face, lips, teeth, gums, jaw, tongue, pharynx, intra abdominal muscles.
Somatosensory area I lies in the postcentral gyrus
