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Anatomy > D1 anatomy test2 > Flashcards

D1 anatomy test2 Flashcards

1
Q

between what vertebrae separates the superior from inferior mediastinum?

A

T4-T5, inferior part has the heart

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2
Q

describe the development of lungs in relation to mediastinum

A

lungs grow out from mediastinum becoming surrounded by the pleura

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3
Q

pleural cavities are surrounded by what cells?

A

mesothelial cells

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4
Q

what is in the root of the lung?

A

pulmonary vessels, lymphatic tissue, nerves

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5
Q

parietal pleura vs visceral pleura

A

parietal is the outer layer. Visceral is directly on the lungs

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6
Q

what is a recess?

A

space of thoracic cavity the pleura doesn’t cover.

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7
Q

name the largest recess

A

costodiaphragmatic recess

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8
Q

how high does the pleura cavity extend in the neck?

A

2-3 cm above rib 1

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9
Q

what is a axillary inlet

A

gateway from thorax to superior limbs

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10
Q

what makes it?

A

superior margin of scapula, clavicle, lateral margin of rib 1. Brachial plexus passes through this.

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11
Q

what separates the abdomen from thorax?

A

diaphram

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12
Q

2 pathways structures enter the abdomen

A

pass through, pass posteriorly

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13
Q

pathway of inferior vena cavae

A

through central tendon near T8

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14
Q

esophagus pathway

A

through the muscular part near the mediastinum near T10

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15
Q

Aortic pathway

A

posteriorly to diaphragm midline at T12

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16
Q

breasts have 3 things

A

glands, superficial fascia, skin

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17
Q

lymphatic drainage of medial parts of breast

A

parasternal nodes

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18
Q

lymphatic drainage of lateral parts of breast

A

axillary region of upper limb

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19
Q

what nerves innervate breasts?

A

intercostal nerves 4-6

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20
Q

Explain why vertebral level 4-5 is important clinically

A

rib counting to find rib 2 (The clavicle covers rib 2), Also separates superior/inferior mediastinums, marks superior limit of pericardium, marks the aortic arch, Bifurcation of trachea

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21
Q

give some reasons why the venous system shunts left to right

A

Right atrium is on right side of body, superior & inferior vena cavae are on right side

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22
Q

what delivers the left side of the body (head, neck, upper limb, part of thorax) to superior vena cava?

A

left brachiocephalic vein

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23
Q

what drains everything else?

A

hemiazygos, accessory hemiazygos veins

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24
Q

why is the anterior part of the rib more inferior that the posterior part?

A

to allow expansion of the rib cage during respiration. The anterior thoracic wall moves

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25
Q

why is the middle part of the rib lower than both ends?

A

to allow it to elevate during inhalation

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26
Q

what causes the rib cage to change volume vertically?

A

the diaphragm pushing up

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27
Q

Pectoralis major m.

A

Largest and most superficial of pectoral region

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28
Q

Origination of pectoralis major m.

A

anterior surface of medial 1/2 of clavicle, sternum, costal cartilage

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29
Q

insertion of pectoralis minor

A

lateral lip of intertubercular groove

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30
Q

action of pectoralis major m

A

adducts, flexion, medially rotates humerus

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31
Q

origin of pectoralis minor m.

A

anterior surface of rib 3-5

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32
Q

insertion of pectoralis minor

A

coracoid process of scapula

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33
Q

action of pectoralis minor m.

A

pulls shoulder inferiorly

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34
Q

what is the clavipectoral fascia?

A

covers pectoralis minor and attaches to clavicle

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35
Q

what makes the Superior thoracic aperature

A

body of vertebra T1, medial margin of rib 1, manubrium

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36
Q

what makes the inferior thoracic aperature

A

body of T12, rib 12 & distal end of 11, distal cartilaginous ends of ribs 7-10, xiphoid process

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37
Q

Thoracic vert. with ribs

A

3 articulations,

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38
Q

what are demifacets?

A

where the ribs articulate with the vertebra ( superior & inferior demifacets)

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39
Q

what ribs only have one demifacet?

A

T1 and T10

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40
Q

which ribs don’t articulate with the transverse processes?

A

11,12 because the are floating ribs

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41
Q

name the true ribs and why theyre true

A

1-7, they articulate directly with the sternum

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42
Q

name the false ribs

A

8-12

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43
Q

what is the scalene tubercle and what rib is it found

A

rib 1, superior surface has 2 grooves. Anterior groove is for subclavian vein, posterior is for subclavian artery

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44
Q

what kind of joint is the costotransverse joint?

A

synovial, stabilized by 2 extracapsular ligaments. costotransverse lig. and lateral costotransverse lig.

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45
Q

costotransverse ligament

A

medial to joint, attaches neck of rib to transverse process

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46
Q

lateral costotransverse ligament

A

lateral to joint, attaches tip of transverse process to tubercle of rib

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47
Q

what kind of movement happens at these joints

A

gliding and sliding

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48
Q

joint of the head of the rib

A

synovial with 2 compartments and an intra-articular ligament that attaches crest to adjacent intervertebral disc. All this is surrounded by a joint capsule

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49
Q

sternocostal joints

A

between upper 7 costal cartilages and sternum. joint of rib 1 is fibrocartilagenous and the rest are synovial with sternocostal ligaments

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50
Q

interchondral joints

A

between ribs7-10

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51
Q

vessels organization in intercostal grooves

A

vein is most superior, then artery, then the nerve. ( the nerve is often not protected because its so low)

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52
Q

what is the endothoracic fascia?

A

deep to costal groove and full of fat.

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53
Q

name the 3 intercostal muscles and their organization

A

external ( superficial), internal ( between), innermost ( deep)

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54
Q

external intercostal muscles

A

11 pairs, most active in inspiration

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55
Q

external intercostal membrane

A

the external intercostal muscles turn into this as they reach the costal cartilage

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56
Q

internal intercostal muscles

A

11 pairs, inferior lateral edge of costal grooves to superior margins. Mostly active during expiration

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57
Q

internal intercostal membrane

A

end of muscle near the vertebral column

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58
Q

innermost intercostal muscles

A

same orientation as the internal

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59
Q

supreme intercostal arteries

A

forms the upper 2. The supreme intercostal arteries are a branch of the costocervical trunk

60
Q

what is the costocervical trunk derived from?

A

it is a posterior branch of the subclavian artery

61
Q

Where are the remaining 9 pairs derived from?

A

branches off of the aorta

62
Q

where do anterior intercostal arteries derive from?

A

directly or indirectly from internal thoracic arteries

63
Q

internal thoracic artery is derived from and turns into what?

A

derived from the subclavian artery in neck. As it descends it turns into the superior superior epigastric artery &musculphrenic arteries

64
Q

where does the superior epigastric artery go?

A

into the anterior abdomen wall

65
Q

where does the musculophrenic artery go?

A

through the diaphragm and ends at the last intercostal space

66
Q

which one supplies the upper 6 ribs? Lower6?

A

internal thoracic artery, musculophrenic artery

67
Q

parasternal nodes

A

thoracic wall drains here. Then drains to bronchomediastinal trunks

68
Q

where do intercostal nodes in lower thorax drain?

A

thoracic duct

69
Q

where do superficial regions drain?

A

axillary lymph nodes

70
Q

innervation of thorax

A

mainly by intercostal nerves which are anterior rami of spinal nerves

71
Q

Trachea starting and ending point

A

C6-T4/T5 plane

72
Q

what is the name of the lowest tracheal cartilage around the bifurcation?

A

carina

73
Q

which main bronchus is wider with a vertical course?

A

right. This is why inhaled stuff get stuck here more often

74
Q

name the bifurcations of the trachea

A

trachea, main bronchus, lobar bronchus, segmental bronchus

75
Q

describe a bronchopulmonary segment

A

kind of like a dermatome for lungs. It is an area of the lung supplied by a segmental bronchus. It is the smallest functionally independent region of a lung that can be removed. There are a total of 10 of these.

76
Q

which pulmonary artery is longer and why

A

right, because the heart is laid on its side.

77
Q

where do physicians listen to each lobe?( right lung)

A

superior lobe- anterolateral thoracic wall
middle lobe-lower anterior and lateral wall
inferior lobe- posterior and inferior walls

78
Q

pulmonary arteries carry what

A

deoxygenated blood to the lungs

79
Q

where does the right bronchial artery originate?

A

3rd posterior intercostal atery

80
Q

where do the 2 left bronchial arteries arise from?

A

anterior surface of aorta

81
Q

where do bronchial veins drain ?

A

either pulmonary veins or left atrium, into azygos vein on right or hemiazygos vein on left

82
Q

name the 2 plexuses that innervate the lungs and where they are

A

anterior, posterior pulmonary plexuses. They are behind or in front of the tracheal bifurcation

83
Q

visceral efferents from the vagus nerve…………

A

constrict the bronchioles

84
Q

visceral efferents from the sympathetic system …..

A

dilate the bronchioles

85
Q

lymph nodes of lungs

A

drain in tracheobronchial nodes which are around lobar and main lobes .

86
Q

lymphatic drain pathway of lungs

A

tracheobronchial nodes->parasternal nodes & bronchomediastinal nodes-> bronchomediastinal trunks-> drain into base of neck

87
Q

3 blood entrances into the right atrium

A

superior, inferior vena cava, coronary sinus

88
Q

what is the sinus of venae cavae?

A

smooth thin walls that both venae cavae empty into

89
Q

foramen ovale function

A

shunts blood away from the RA to the LA to by pass the lungs

90
Q

what is the foramen ovale called as an adult?

A

fossa ovalis

91
Q

conus arteriosus

A

out flow from the right ventricle to the lungs

92
Q

what is trabeculae carneae?

A

This is a muscle layer in ventricles

93
Q

Right ventricle papillary muscles

A

anterior, posterior, septal

94
Q

what is the septomarginal trabecular( moderator band)

A

carries part of conduction system .

95
Q

where is the tricuspid valve found?

A

right atrioventricular valve. Cusps are held together by commissures at base

96
Q

name the 3 cusps of the tricuspid valve

A

anterior, posterior, septal

97
Q

pulmonary valve

A

3 semilunar valves. Left, right, and anterior semilunar cusps

98
Q

2 papillary muscles of the left ventricle

A

anterior, and posterior papillary muscles

99
Q

Parts of the interventricular septum

A

upper membranous, and lower muscular.

100
Q

mitral valve

A

left atrioventricular valve, Anterior, and posterior cusps joined by commissures.

101
Q

Aortic valve

A

3 semilunar cusps. Right, Left, Posterior aortic sinuses

102
Q

which semilunar cusps do the coronary sinuses arise from?

A

right and left cusps. This is why the posterior cusp is reffered to as noncoronary sinus and cusp

103
Q

name the 2 types of valve diseases

A

incompetence- poorly functioning valves, stenosis- a narrowing of the orifice caused by the inability of the valve to open all the way

104
Q

what can heart diseases cause?

A

left ventricular hypertrophy, increased pulmonary venous pressure, pulmonary edema, hypertrophy of left atrium

105
Q

pulmonary valve disease is most likely caused by……

A

a sort of disease

106
Q

most common heart abnormality

A

atrial/ ventricular defects during development.

107
Q

What is ASD/ VSD?

A

Atrialseptal defect, ventriculoseptal defect

108
Q

which one is more common?

A

VSD ( happen in the membranous part of the septum)

109
Q

Purpose of ductus arterioses

A

blood that slips into the pulmonary artery goes through this shunt into the aorta to the body. This is another by pass of the lungs

110
Q

PDA?

A

Persistent ductus arteriosus, When the ductus arterioses fails to close

111
Q

name the cardiac conduction pathway

A

SA node, AV node, AV bundle, left and right branches, purkinje fibers

112
Q

the autonomic division of the PNS is responsible for 3 things

A

heart rate, cardiac output, force of each contraction

113
Q

where are the cardiac plexuses located?

A

Superficial & deep, ( anterior to aorta and posterior to aorta)

114
Q

Parasympathetic innervation of cardiac sys.

A

decrease heart rate, reduces force of contraction, constricts the coronary arteries

115
Q

sympathetic innervation of cardiac sys.

A

increases heart rate, increases the force of contraction.

116
Q

visceral afferents in cardiac sys.

A

sense alterations of blood pressure and chemistry

117
Q

what layer of the pericardium covers the ascending aorta & pulmonary trunk?

A

visceral layer of the pericardial sac

118
Q

at what level does the pulmonary trunk divide into right & left pulmonary arteries?

A

T5-T6

119
Q

where is the superior mediastiunum?

A

posterior to manubrium and sternum and anterior to bodies of first 4 cervical vert.

120
Q

what are the superior and inferior boundaries of the superior mediastinum?

A

oblique plane from manubrium to T1, T4/T5 plane

121
Q

what borders it laterally?

A

parietal pleura from the lungs

122
Q

major structures found in superior mediastinum….

A

Thymus, R/L Brachicephalic veins, superior vena cava, trachea, esohpagus, phrenic nerves, vagus nerves……….

123
Q

left superior intercostal vein receives what posterior intercostal veins?

A

2-3

124
Q

inferiorly the left superior intercostal vein sometimes connects to what?

A

accessory hemiazygos vein

125
Q

how much of the inferior vena cava in contained in the pericardial sac?

A

the lower half. Remember the pericardial sac is the middle mediastinum.

126
Q

the Brachiocephalic trunk divides into what two arteries?

A

right subclavian, right common carotid arteries

127
Q

what do these two arteries supply?

A

right side of head and neck , upper right limb

128
Q

name the small branch that occasionally is on the brachiocephalic trunk

A

thyroid ima artery- vascular supply to thyroid

129
Q

second branch of the aortic arch

A

left common carotid artery ( supplies left side of head and neck)

130
Q

third branch of aortic arch

A

right subclavian artery ( sullies left upper limb)

131
Q

what lies on the left and right sides of the trachea and esophagus in the thorax area?

A

left - aorta, right- azygos vein

132
Q

vagus nerves

A

as they pass through the thorax they provide parasympathetic innervation to the thoracic viscera and carry afferents from the thoracic viscera

133
Q

special characteristic of the Visceral Afferents of Vagus nerve

A

relay info to CNS about normal physiological processes and reflex activities, not pain

134
Q

where do the phrenic nerves arise?

A

cervical region mainly from 4th but also 3rd and 5th cervical spinal cord segments

135
Q

what do phrenic nerves do?

A

motor and sensory innervation to diaphragm and its membrane

136
Q

At what level does the thoracic duct shift to the left side? Where does it empty?

A

T5, Junction between the internal jugular vein and left subclavian vein

137
Q

where does the right bronchomediastinal trunk drain?

A

the right sublcavian vein

138
Q

where does the thoracic duck start and end?

A

L2-lower neck

139
Q

how does it leave the thorax?

A

aortic hiatis

140
Q

Where do the internal thoracic arteries branch from and what do they turn into

A

from the subclavian arteries, they turn into the musculophrenic arteries and superior epigastric arteries

141
Q

where does the right supreme intercostal artery come from?

A

costocervical trunks witch are on the subclavian arteries.

142
Q

Where does the azygos vein dump?

A

superior vena cava

143
Q

which side does the azygos vein cover?

A

right side of thorax

144
Q

where does the left superior intercostal artery come from

A

left brachiocephalic vein, it gives of the first 3-4 posterior intercostal veins

145
Q

what level does the accessory hemiazygos vein start?

A

T8, T4-T8 posterior intercostal veins.

146
Q

where does the accessory hemiazygos vein start and end? what veins does it supply?

A

starts ~T9, ends at right ascending lumbar vein/ left subcoastal vein junction , lower T4-T5 posterior intercostal veins

Anatomy (13 decks)

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