axial osteology Flashcards
vertebral body
large solid portion located anteriorly. These are seperated by vertebral discs
vertebral arch
posteror portion of each vertebra that surrounds the spinal cord
vertebral foramen
the large passageway . These link together to make the vertebral canal
intervertebral foramina
lateral gaps that exist . they transmit spinal nerves
articular processes
project from the arch and articulate with those of adjacent vertebrae.
how many groups of vertebrae are there
- cervical , thoracic,lumbar,sacral , coccygeal
vertebral formula
C7T12L5S5Cy4
C1 and C2
C1 is the atlas that articulates with C2 the axis
what vertebra form the bony sacrum?
the 5 Sacral vertebral
top part of the sternum
manubrium
xiphoid process of the sternum
most posterior part
explain true and false ribs
first 7 are true ( they attach to the sternum). last 5 are false. ( last 2 are free)
1st step of endochondral ossification
Hyaline cartilage model of bone forms from tissues derived from mesoderm. This model resembles the bone it is to become in shape
2nd step of endochodral ossification
Cartilage mineralizes to become calcified cartilage
3rd step of endochondral ossification
Mineralized cartilage is mineralized by chondrocytes
4th step of endochondral ossification
as cartilage is reabsorbed, cells differentiate into osteoblasts, secrete osteoid, and then bone salts precipitate onto collagenous fibers to complete the formation of definitive bone tissue
5th step of endochodral ossification
creates metaphasis
Intramembranous ossification
fibroblasts or undifferentiated stem cells within c.t. proper undergo metaplasia and differentiate into osteoblasts
Whats the difference between the 2
endochondral ossification is creating a free surface. intramembranous already has a free surface.
describe the structure of a growing long bone
diaphasis which has the metaphyses which touches the epiphyseal cartilage
what is the most active part of a growing bone?
metaphyses
