Natural Selection/Adaptations/Symbiosis/Predator-Prey/Competition Flashcards
1
Q
Natural selection
A
Individuals who are well-suited to a particular environment tend to survive and produce more offspring who inherit their well-suited characteristics
2
Q
adaptations
A
well-suited characteristics/the behaviors and physical characteristics that allow organisms to live successfully in their environments
3
Q
Over time, these unhelpful characteristics in individuals may affect
A
…the survival of the species
4
Q
What is included in a niche, an organism’s role in its habitat?
A
How an organism obtains its food, when and how the organism reproduces
5
Q
What does niche have to do with reproduction?
A
A niche includes when and how the organism reproduces
6
Q
What does the feeding behavior of the giraffe tell you about its niche?
A
The giraffe eats leaves from autotrophs, making it a first level consumer, it is a herbivore adapted to eating leaves from treetops
7
Q
What adaptations of the giraffe help it survive in its environment?
A
Its neck is long so that it can reach the tops of trees to obtain food, and they have strong legs for kicking away predators
8
Q
What are two major interactions among organisms
A
Competition and predation
9
Q
competition
A
The struggle between organisms to survive as they use the same limited resources
10
Q
How do a flycatcher (bird) and an elf owl reduce competition?
A
The flycatcher occupies the niche during the day, and the elf owl occupies the niche at night.
11
Q
What type of factor is competition?
A
limiting factor
12
Q
predation
A
An interaction in which one organism kills another for food or nutrients
13
Q
How may predator and prey interactions affect populations?
A
Reduce the number of organisms or eliminate population
14
Q
Give one example of a predator adaptation.
A
Sharp teeth and claws
15
Q
Give one example of a prey adaptation.
A
camouflage
16
Q
symbiosis
A
Any relationship in which two species live closely together
17
Q
types of symbiosis
A
Commensalism, mutualism, parasitism
18
Q
What is the symbiosis in which one species benefits and the other species is neither helped nor harmed?
A
commensalism
19
Q
What is the symbiosis in which both species benefit?
A
Mutualism
20
Q
What is the symbiosis in which one organism lives with, on, or inside another organism and harms it?
A
Parasitism
21
Q
Oxpecker birds and zebras: oxpecker birds clean harmful pests off of the zebra
A
mutualism
22
Q
Barnacles “glue” themselves to whales, so they now get food and a ride
A
Commensalism
23
Q
A
24
Q
Fleas and dog: flea harms the dog by biting it and sucks its blood
A
parasitism
25
Natural Selection(video definition)
the process by which random evolutionary are selected for by nature in a constinent, orderly, non-random way
26
Only ---- Adaptations Aid Survival
HELPFUL
Every organism has some unique characteristics that enable it to live in its environment.
Adaptations can be selected for by the challenges of the environment.
27
---:Life Changes Over Time.
EVOLUTION
Natural selection is the process of change.
The environment impacts how species evolve, or change over time.
28
--- is the process of change.
NATURAL SELECTION
Small differences within a species must already be present.
These differences must be heritable (can be passed from parents to offspring).
The changes that make organisms better suited to their environment occur by a process called natural selection.
29
Niche
Every organism has a variety of adaptations that are suited to its environment.
The niche is their complex role in that ecosystem.
An organism’s particular role, or “how it makes its living”, is called its niche
A niche includes the type of food the organism eats, how it obtains this food, which other species use it as food, when and how the organism reproduces, and the physical conditions it requires to survive.
Niche is a complex role in an ecosystem.
30
Adaptation
An adaptation is a physical trait or behavior that helps an organism to survive.
Adaptations must be coded for by genes in the DNA.
Adaptations are not acquired through practice, trying, choice, or need.
31
How do adaptations form?
The environment “selects” the organisms with adaptations that best fit the environment.
This is what is meant by “survival of the fittest”.
New adaptations form in offspring due to normal genetic variation (different genes in the pop) and random mutation.
32
Why do predators need adaptations
To help them find, sneak up on, stalk, chase, ponce, and ultimately catch their prey
To kill and eat their prey
Catching:
Strong legs/wings/fins for speed/agility, excellent sense of smell, vision and hearing, claws, intelligence, camouflage, groups or solo
To Kill and Eat
Strong jaws or talons, claws, specialized teeth, venom, etc.
33
Why do prey need adaptations?
To avoid being caught and eaten by their predators through escape or other defensive strategies.
There are 5 main DEFENSE strategies:
1. Mimicry
2. Protective Covering
3. False Coloring
4. Camouflage
5. Warning Colors
34
mimicry
adaptation
When an animal “copies” the coloring or sounds of another animal it is mimicking it.
35
Protective Covering
Protective coverings help animals avoid being eaten because they have an “armor” or unpleasant feel.
36
False Coloring
False colors on prey often confuse their predators into think it is something it is not.
Common in fish and insects
37
Warning Colors
Since animals that are brightly colored cannon hide from predators, their bright colors say “I’m poisonous” or “ I can hurt you”
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Camouflage
Animals that are camouflaged can blend into their surroundings and avoid being caught by predators.
Camouflage is a coloration in which the organism tries to blend in with its surroundings (concealing, disruptive, and disguise coloration).
39
HOW IS MIMICRY DIFFERENT FROM CAMOUFLAGE??
Mimicry is when and animal copies another organism. Camouflage is when an animal blends into its surroundings.
40
CAN ANIMALS HAVE BOTH “PREDATOR” AND “PREY” ADAPTATIONS?
Yes!! Many animals have a mix of adaptations to help them survive.
Animals may be a predator, but prey for someone else!
41
What is symbiosis?
Symbiosis is a close relationship between two species that benefits at least one of the species, “long-term living together of unlike organisms”
42
Is predation symbiosis?
Predation is not symbiosis
Predation is an interaction in which one organism kills and eats another organism.
In a symbiosis, unlike organisms live together for a long time.
43
Is competition symbiosis?
Competition is the struggle between organisms to survive in a habitat with limited resources.
In a symbiosis, the organisms are not competing. Both may be helping each other survive or the relationship may help only one of the organisms survive.
44
What are symbiotic relationships?
The three types of symbiotic relationships are
Mutualism
Commensalism
Parasitism.
Symbiotic relationships evolve over time through the process of natural selection. Living in a symbiosis is an adaptation that helps an organism survive.
45
Mutualism
Mutualism is a symbiotic relationship in which both species benefit.
Pollinators and plants are one example of mutualism.
46
Commensalism
Commensalism is a relationship in which one species benefits and the other species is neither helped nor harmed.
Cattle egret benefit by eating the insects stirred up by grazing cattle. The cattle are not harmed or benefited. This is one example of commensalism.
47
Parasitism
Parasitism involves one organism living on or inside another organism and harming it.
The organism that benefits is called a parasite, and the organism it lives on or in is called a host.
The parasite just wants to survive; a “good” parasite does not kill its host. Parasites may also carry diseases, which makes them doubly harmful to the host.
48
A remora fish attaches itself to the underside of a shark without harming it. The remora eats the shark’s leftovers.
Commensalism
49
A vampire bat drinks the blood of horses.
Parasitism
50
A bee pollinates a flower.
Mutualism
51
Clownfish and Sea Anemone
One organism (clownfish) gets a safe home and the other (sea anemone) gets leftovers.
Mutualism
52
Barnacles and Whales
Barnacles & Baleen Whales
Commensalism: One organism benefits and the other is neither harmed nor helped (benign relationship for one).
One organism (barnacle) gets a traveling buffet (free food and a ride).
53
Stinging Ants & Acacia Tree
One organism (Acacia Tree) gets bodyguards and help with competition and the other (Stinging Ant) gets a home, a nursery, and food.
Mutualism
54
Tapeworm & Dog
Parasitism
One organism (tapeworm) gets free food and a home, the other (dog) loses nutrients and may become thin or sickly.
55
Oxpecker (bird) & Zebra
Mutualism:
One organism (oxpecker) gets free food and the other (zebra) gets pest control.
56
Remora and Shark
Commensalism:
One organism (Remora) gets transportation and leftovers.
57
Fungi & Algae
(or cyanobacteria)
A.K.A. Lichen!
One organism (algae) gets a moist home and the other (fungi) gets sugar from photosynthesis. Together they can live where no single organism can.
58
Orchid (flowering epiphyte) & Tree
One organism (epiphyte) gets a home close to the sunlight.
59
Cowbird & Yellow Warbler
Parasitism
One organism (cowbird) gets a free babysitter and nursery and the other (yellow warbler) must divide time and energy between her own offspring (who may not survive) and the invading baby (however…).
60
Humans & Gut Bacteria
One organism (gut bacteria) gets food and a home, and the other (you) gets a healthy digestive system and the ability to digest plants.
61
A type of bacteria lives in the roots of plants. The bacteria helps the plants obtain nutrients. The roots are a moist home, which helps the bacteria grow and reproduce.
Mutualism
62
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The fungus known as ""chicken of the woods"" grows on trees. The fungus breaks down the tree and gets its nutrients that way. The tree decays, and becomes very vulnerable to extreme weather.
"
Parasitism
63
A tapeworm latches on to the walls of the small intestine, and steals nutrients from a mammal’s digestive tract. This can cause severe nutrient deficiency, weakness, and extreme weight-loss for the mammal.
Parasitism
64
Cattle egrets that stand on the backs of bovines pick off parasitic bugs like ticks, fleas and flies while egrets on the ground try to catch grasshoppers or other insects disturbed by the movement of the cattle.
Mutualism
65
A fox is carrying a dead squirrel as a hawk swoops down to grab it. They both pull on the squirrel but the flapping wings of the hawk against the face of the fox are strong enough to make the fox drop the squirrel.
Competition
66
Barnacles filter plankton and other microscopic organisms from the water for food. They often attach themselves using a type of natural glue to larger animals which inadvertently carry the barnacles to new sources of food when they move. Their “glue” is harmless.
Commensalism
67
Oxpeckers are a small bird commonly found on rhinoceroses. The oxpecker feeds on the parasites that cover the rhinoceroses’ skin. The bird gets a meal and the rhinoceros is relieved of the harmful parasites.
Mutualism
68
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Two mule deer lock antlers as they demonstrate strength and worthiness to a female mule deer. The winner of this battle will mate with the female.
"
Competition
69
A bee feeds off the nectar of a sunflower. While feeding, pollen from the sunflower clings to the legs and body of the bee. When the bee lands on a different sunflower, the pollen is left behind and new pollen picked up.
Mutualism
70
Golden jackals, once they have been expelled from a pack, will trail a tiger to feed on the remains of its kills.
Commensalism
71
A fungus causes lumpy jaw, a disease that injures the jaws of cattle and hogs.
Parasitism
72
A certain kind of bacteria lives in the intestines of humans and many other animals. The human cannot digest all of the food that it eats. The bacteria eat the food that the human cannot digest and partially digest it, allowing the human to finish the job.
Mutualism
73
The burdock plant produces spiny seeds that cling to the fur of animals or clothing of humans. The plants rely on this method of seed dispersal for reproduction, while the animals are unaffected.
Commensalism
74
Spider crabs live in shallow areas of the ocean floor, and greenish-brown algae lives on the crabs' backs, making the crabs blend in with their environment, and unnoticeable to predators. The algae gets a good place to live, and the crab gets camouflage.
Mutualism
75
Mosquitoes drink human blood, which causes humans to get itchy and can even get them sick.
Parasitism
76
Zooxanthellae are photosynthetic algae that lives inside the corals tissues. The corals provide the zooxanthellae protection and in return, they produce oxygen to help the corals remove waste.
Mutualism
77
Spiders spinning webs to trap and kill insects
Predation
78
The Boxer Crab carries around two anemones that sting and it uses them for protection. The anemones are benefited because since the crab carries them around, it allows them to be mobile which increases their options for finding food.
Mutualism
79
The small fish will typically hide inside of the jellyfish’s stinging tentacles if the stinging does not effect them. The tentacles provide protection for the fish from larger predators. This relationship has no effect on the jellyfish.
Commensalism
80
Sea urchins, ruin the corals. Their habitat are in the coral ecosystem. They dig a hole into it, use it for their home and eat the algae who's living inside the coral. If the algae gone, coral eventually will die.
Parasitism
81
Cheetahs and lions feed on similar prey. They are negatively impacted by the presence of the other because they will have less food.
Competition
